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      Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Denial and Underreporting in Cisgender Male Couples Translated title: Negar y no informar el haber ejercido violencia de pareja en parejas de hombres cisgénero

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          ABSTRACT

          Intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators often deny their actions, limiting opportunities for intervention. Cisgender male couples experience similar IPV rates to mixed-gender couples, yet less is known about how men in same-sex relationships deny or report their IPV behavior. This study aimed to describe perpetration denial across emotional, monitoring/controlling, and physical/sexual IPV, and to identify correlates of perpetration denial, in a convenience sample of male couples ( N = 848; United States, 2016-2017). Past-year victimization and perpetration were measured with the IPV-Gay and Bisexual Men (GBM) scale; perpetration deniers were men whose self-reported perpetration contradicted their partner’s reported victimization. Individual-, partner-, and dyadic-correlates of perpetration denial, by IPV-type, were identified using actor-partner interdependence models. We identified 663 (78.2%) perpetrators: 527 emotional; 490 monitoring/controlling; 267 physical/sexual. Thirty-six percent of physical/sexual-, 27.7% of emotional-, and 21.43% of monitoring/controlling-perpetrators categorically denied their actions. Depression was negatively associated with denying monitoring/controlling-perpetration (odds ratio 95% confidence interval: 0.91 [0.84, 0.99]) and physical/sexual-perpetration (0.91 [0.83, 0.97]); dyadic differences in depression were associated with emotional-perpetration denial (0.95 [0.90, 0.99]). Recent substance users had 46% lower odds of monitoring/controlling-denial (0.54 [0.32, 0.92]), versus non-users. Partner-race and employment were also significantly associated with emotional perpetration denial. This study highlights IPV denial’s complexities, including differences across IPV types. Further investigations into how cisgender men in same-sex couples perceive and report various types of IPV perpetration will provide valuable insight into how an underserved and understudied population experiences IPV.

          RESUMEN

          Los agresores de pareja a menudo niegan sus actos, lo que reduce la posibilidad de intervención. Las parejas de hombres cisgénero presentan índices de violencia de pareja (VP) semejantes a las parejas de distinto género, aunque se sabe menos de cómo niegan la VP los hombres que están en una relación del mismo sexo. El estudio pretende describir la negación de que se ejerce VP en sus variantes emocional, vigilancia/control y física/sexual, así como conocer los correlatos de dicha negación, en una muestra de conveniencia de parejas de hombres ( N = 848, EEUU, 2016-2017). Se midió la victimización y la comisión de VP durante el último año por medio de la escala IPV-GBM. Quienes negaban haber ejercido VP eran hombres cuyo comportamiento autoinformado contradecía la victimización que declaraba sufrir su pareja. Se detectaron por tipo de VP los correlatos individuales, de pareja y diádicos de la negación de haber perpetrado VP, mediante modelos de interdependencia actor-pareja. Se detectaron 663 (78.2%) perpetradores: en 527 era emocional, en 490 de vigilancia/control y en 267 física/sexual. El 36% de los que perpetraban violencia física/sexual y el 21.43% de vigilancia/control negaban sus actos categóricamente. La depresión se asociaba negativamente a la negación de haber perpetrado violencia de vigilancia/control (razón de probabilidad, 95% IC: 0.91 [0.84, 0.99]) y física/sexual (0.91 [0.83, 0.97]). Las diferencias diádicas en depresión se asociaban a la negación de haber perpetrado violencia emocional (0.95 [0.90, 0.99]). La probabilidad de los usuarios recientes de sustancias de negar la violencia de vigilancia/control era un 46% menor (0.45 [0.32, 0.92]) que la de quienes no consumían. La raza de su pareja y su empleo se asociaban también significativamente con negar que se hubiera cometido violencia emocional. El estudio destaca las complejidades de negar la violencia de pareja, como las diferencias entre tipos de VP. Seguir investigando en cómo los hombres cisgénero en las parejas del mismo sexo perciben y dan cuenta de los diversos tipos de perpetración de VP aportará un conocimiento valioso sobre cómo experimenta la VP una población minusvalorada y poco estudiada.

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          Brief measurement devices can alleviate respondent burden and lower refusal rates in surveys. This article reports on a field test of two shorter forms of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) symptoms index in a multisite survey of persons 65 and older. Factor analyses demonstrate that the briefer forms tap the same symptoms dimensions as does the original CES-D, and reliability statistics indicate that they sacrifice little precision. Simple transformations are presented to how scores from the briefer forms can be compared to those of the original.
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              Intimate partner violence among men who have sex with men: a systematic review.

              This article presents results from a systematic review of the literature on intimate partner violence (IPV) among U.S. men who have sex with men (MSM). From 576 reviewed studies, a total of 28 met inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The population characteristics of each study, definitions of IPV, prevalences of different forms of IPV, and statistically tested correlates of IPV are summarized for each study. The results indicate that all forms of IPV occur among MSM at rates similar to or higher than those documented among women, although data on perpetration rates of IPV are scant, and consensus as to IPV correlates among MSM is absent. This review also finds significant limitations in the reviewed literature, notably the lack of a standardized, validated definition of IPV among MSM; use of unspecific recall periods for IPV; a lack of attention to nonphysical, nonsexual forms of IPV; and near-universal use of cross-sectional, convenience samples of urban MSM. Researchers should develop and validate an MSM-specific definition of IPV, use more rigorous epidemiological methods to measure IPV and its effects, and clarify the mental and physical health outcomes associated with both receipt and perpetration of IPV.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Interv Psicosoc
                Interv Psicosoc
                pi
                Psychosocial Intervention
                Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid
                1132-0559
                2173-4712
                26 May 2023
                May 2023
                : 32
                : 2
                : 109-121
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversity of Michigan orgdiv1Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities Ann Arbor USA originalCenter for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence: walshar@ 123456umich.edu (A. R. Walsh).
                Article
                00006
                10.5093/pi2023a8
                10294463
                37383641
                5617612f-584d-4a36-8027-ab76c4153577
                Copyright © 2023, Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial No Derivative License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited and the work is not changed in any way.

                History
                : 30 November 2022
                : 10 April 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 80, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Research-Article

                intimate partner violence,intimate partner violence perpetrators,intimate partner violence denial,male couples,sexual and gender minorities,measurement,violencia de pareja,agresores de pareja,negación,parejas masculinas,minorías sexuales y de género,medición

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