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      Predictores de hospitalización por COVID-19: rol de la vacuna BCG y del antecedente de Dengue Translated title: Predictors of hospitalization for COVID-19: role of BCG vaccine and Dengue history

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: Debido a la diferente epidemiología de la COVID-19 en diferentes regiones del planeta, es relevante conocer el impacto de variables sanitarias propias de cada país. Objetivo: Evaluar el rol del antecedente de vacunación con BCG y la historia reciente de Dengue entre los factores de riesgo para internación de pacientes con COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio observacional, de tipo transversal que, mediante entrevista estructurada, consignó variables sociodemográficas y clínicas en pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 en cuatro instituciones de salud del Paraguay durante septiembre a diciembre de 2020. Modelos de regresión logística evaluaron factores asociados al desenlace. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 397 pacientes. La frecuencia de hospitalización fue mayor en individuos de sexo masculino, edad > 40 años, menor ingreso económico, obesidad, hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus. Hubo menos hospitalización entre el personal de salud y en quienes refirieron asma bronquial. El sexo masculino (ORa 3,72; IC95% 2,22-6,22), la hipertensión arterial (ORa 2,46; IC95% 1,30-4,64), el ingreso económico (ORa 1,98; IC95% 1,03-3,80), la labor hospitalaria (ORa 0,20; IC95% 0,11-0,37) y el asma bronquial (ORa 0,40; IC95% 0,20-0,82) se mostraron influyentes al análisis multivariado. En ciertos modelos estudiados por regresión logística aquellos que refirieron historia de vacunación con BCG se asociaron a menor frecuencia de internación hospitalaria. El antecedente de dengue sintomático no cupo entre las variables relevantes relativas al desenlace. Conclusiones: Entre varios modelos de predicción de severidad de la COVID-19, el antecedente de vacunación con BCG puede asociarse a las tasas de hospitalización con cierto impacto.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to the different epidemiology of COVID-19 in different regions of the world, it is important to know the impact of health variables specific to each country. Objective: To evaluate the role of history of BCG vaccination and recent history of dengue among risk factors for hospitalization of patients with COVID-19. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study that recorded sociodemographic and clinical variables by means of structured interview in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in four health institutions in Paraguay (September to December 2020). Logistic regression models evaluated factors associated with outcome. Results: 397 patients were included. The frequency of hospitalization was higher in male patients, age > 40 years, lower income, obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. There was less hospitalization among health personnel and in those who reported bronchial asthma. Male sex (ORa 3.72; 95%CI 2.22-6.22), arterial hypertension (ORa 2.46; 95%CI 1.30-4.64), income (ORa 1.98; 95%CI 1.03-3.80), healthcare worker (ORa 0.20; 95%CI 0.11-0.37) and bronchial asthma (ORa 0.40; 95%CI 0.20-0.82) were influential in the multivariate analysis. In certain models studied by logistic regression, those who reported a history of BCG vaccination were associated with a lower frequency of hospitalization. History of symptomatic dengue fever was not among the relevant variables related to outcome. Conclusions: Among several COVID-19 severity prediction models, BCG vaccination history may be associated with hospitalization rates.

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          Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis

          Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) outbreak is evolving rapidly worldwide. Objective To evaluate the risk of serious adverse outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) by stratifying the comorbidity status. Methods We analysed the data from 1590 laboratory-confirmed hospitalised patients 575 hospitals in 31 province/autonomous regions/provincial municipalities across mainland China between December 11th, 2019 and January 31st, 2020. We analyse the composite endpoints, which consisted of admission to intensive care unit, or invasive ventilation, or death. The risk of reaching to the composite endpoints was compared according to the presence and number of comorbidities. Results The mean age was 48.9 years. 686 patients (42.7%) were females. Severe cases accounted for 16.0% of the study population. 131 (8.2%) patients reached to the composite endpoints. 399 (25.1%) reported having at least one comorbidity. The most prevalent comorbidity was hypertension (16.9%), followed by diabetes (8.2%). 130 (8.2%) patients reported having two or more comorbidities. After adjusting for age and smoking status, COPD [hazards ratio (HR) 2.681, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.424–5.048], diabetes (HR 1.59, 95%CI 1.03–2.45), hypertension (HR 1.58, 95%CI 1.07–2.32) and malignancy (HR 3.50, 95%CI 1.60–7.64) were risk factors of reaching to the composite endpoints. The HR was 1.79 (95%CI 1.16–2.77) among patients with at least one comorbidity and 2.59 (95%CI 1.61–4.17) among patients with two or more comorbidities. Conclusion Among laboratory-confirmed cases of Covid-19, patients with any comorbidity yielded poorer clinical outcomes than those without. A greater number of comorbidities also correlated with poorer clinical outcomes.
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            Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study

            Abstract Objective To describe outcomes of people admitted to hospital with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in the United States, and the clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with severity of illness. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Single academic medical center in New York City and Long Island. Participants 5279 patients with laboratory confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection between 1 March 2020 and 8 April 2020. The final date of follow up was 5 May 2020. Main outcome measures Outcomes were admission to hospital, critical illness (intensive care, mechanical ventilation, discharge to hospice care, or death), and discharge to hospice care or death. Predictors included patient characteristics, medical history, vital signs, and laboratory results. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify risk factors for adverse outcomes, and competing risk survival analysis for mortality. Results Of 11 544 people tested for SARS-Cov-2, 5566 (48.2%) were positive. After exclusions, 5279 were included. 2741 of these 5279 (51.9%) were admitted to hospital, of whom 1904 (69.5%) were discharged alive without hospice care and 665 (24.3%) were discharged to hospice care or died. Of 647 (23.6%) patients requiring mechanical ventilation, 391 (60.4%) died and 170 (26.2%) were extubated or discharged. The strongest risk for hospital admission was associated with age, with an odds ratio of >2 for all age groups older than 44 years and 37.9 (95% confidence interval 26.1 to 56.0) for ages 75 years and older. Other risks were heart failure (4.4, 2.6 to 8.0), male sex (2.8, 2.4 to 3.2), chronic kidney disease (2.6, 1.9 to 3.6), and any increase in body mass index (BMI) (eg, for BMI >40: 2.5, 1.8 to 3.4). The strongest risks for critical illness besides age were associated with heart failure (1.9, 1.4 to 2.5), BMI >40 (1.5, 1.0 to 2.2), and male sex (1.5, 1.3 to 1.8). Admission oxygen saturation of 1 (4.8, 2.1 to 10.9), C reactive protein level >200 (5.1, 2.8 to 9.2), and D-dimer level >2500 (3.9, 2.6 to 6.0) were, however, more strongly associated with critical illness than age or comorbidities. Risk of critical illness decreased significantly over the study period. Similar associations were found for mortality alone. Conclusions Age and comorbidities were found to be strong predictors of hospital admission and to a lesser extent of critical illness and mortality in people with covid-19; however, impairment of oxygen on admission and markers of inflammation were most strongly associated with critical illness and mortality. Outcomes seem to be improving over time, potentially suggesting improvements in care.
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              Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

              Question What are the cardiovascular effects in unselected patients with recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Findings In this cohort study including 100 patients recently recovered from COVID-19 identified from a COVID-19 test center, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed cardiac involvement in 78 patients (78%) and ongoing myocardial inflammation in 60 patients (60%), which was independent of preexisting conditions, severity and overall course of the acute illness, and the time from the original diagnosis. Meaning These findings indicate the need for ongoing investigation of the long-term cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19. This cohort study evaluates the presence of myocardial injury in unselected patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Importance Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Case reports of hospitalized patients suggest that COVID-19 prominently affects the cardiovascular system, but the overall impact remains unknown. Objective To evaluate the presence of myocardial injury in unselected patients recently recovered from COVID-19 illness. Design, Setting, and Participants In this prospective observational cohort study, 100 patients recently recovered from COVID-19 illness were identified from the University Hospital Frankfurt COVID-19 Registry between April and June 2020. Exposure Recent recovery from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, as determined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction on swab test of the upper respiratory tract. Main Outcomes and Measures Demographic characteristics, cardiac blood markers, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging were obtained. Comparisons were made with age-matched and sex-matched control groups of healthy volunteers (n = 50) and risk factor–matched patients (n = 57). Results Of the 100 included patients, 53 (53%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 49 (14) years. The median (IQR) time interval between COVID-19 diagnosis and CMR was 71 (64-92) days. Of the 100 patients recently recovered from COVID-19, 67 (67%) recovered at home, while 33 (33%) required hospitalization. At the time of CMR, high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) was detectable (greater than 3 pg/mL) in 71 patients recently recovered from COVID-19 (71%) and significantly elevated (greater than 13.9 pg/mL) in 5 patients (5%). Compared with healthy controls and risk factor–matched controls, patients recently recovered from COVID-19 had lower left ventricular ejection fraction, higher left ventricle volumes, and raised native T1 and T2. A total of 78 patients recently recovered from COVID-19 (78%) had abnormal CMR findings, including raised myocardial native T1 (n = 73), raised myocardial native T2 (n = 60), myocardial late gadolinium enhancement (n = 32), or pericardial enhancement (n = 22). There was a small but significant difference between patients who recovered at home vs in the hospital for native T1 mapping (median [IQR], 1119 [1092-1150] ms vs 1141 [1121-1175] ms; P  = .008) and hsTnT (4.2 [3.0-5.9] pg/dL vs 6.3 [3.4-7.9] pg/dL; P  = .002) but not for native T2 mapping. None of these measures were correlated with time from COVID-19 diagnosis (native T1: r  = 0.07; P  = .47; native T2: r  = 0.14; P  = .15; hsTnT: r  = −0.07; P  = .50). High-sensitivity troponin T was significantly correlated with native T1 mapping ( r  = 0.33; P  < .001) and native T2 mapping ( r  = 0.18; P  = .01). Endomyocardial biopsy in patients with severe findings revealed active lymphocytic inflammation. Native T1 and T2 were the measures with the best discriminatory ability to detect COVID-19–related myocardial pathology. Conclusions and Relevance In this study of a cohort of German patients recently recovered from COVID-19 infection, CMR revealed cardiac involvement in 78 patients (78%) and ongoing myocardial inflammation in 60 patients (60%), independent of preexisting conditions, severity and overall course of the acute illness, and time from the original diagnosis. These findings indicate the need for ongoing investigation of the long-term cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rspp
                Revista de salud publica del Paraguay
                Rev. salud publica Parag.
                INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD - MSP Y BS (Asunción, , Paraguay )
                2224-6193
                2307-3349
                December 2021
                : 11
                : 2
                : 49-56
                Affiliations
                [4] Asunción orgnameMinisterio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social orgdiv1Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias y Ambientales Paraguay
                [1] Luque Central orgnameMinisterio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social orgdiv1Hospital General de Luque Paraguay
                [2] Fernando de la Mora Central orgnameSalud y Nutrición Paraguay Paraguay
                [6] Ciudad del Este orgnameMinisterio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social orgdiv1Hospital Integrado al Instituto Previsión Social de Alto Paraná Paraguay
                [3] Asunción orgnameInvestigación para el Desarrollo Paraguay
                [5] Asunción orgnameSanatorio Santa Julia Paraguay
                Article
                S2307-33492021000200049 S2307-3349(21)01100200049
                10.18004/rspp.2021.diciembre.49
                561d7f6b-4ab5-4871-9b0d-0adc32029e00

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 June 2021
                : 11 November 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Paraguay

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                COVID-19,hospitalization,BCG vaccine,Dengue,hospitalización,vacuna BCG

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