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      Tips for Studies with Quantitative Morphology (Morphometry and Stereology) Translated title: Consejos para los Estudios de Morfología Cuantitativa (Morfometría y Estereología)

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          Abstract

          SUMMARY: The quantitative morphology contributes to making the studies less subjective and reproducible. Quantitative results are analyzed with statistics and should be based on a well-defined sample. Quantitative variables can be ‘continuous’ or ‘discrete.' In this text, the term ‘morphometry’ is used to design a simpler procedure for measuring structures with a ‘ruler.' The term ‘stereology’ is used in estimating quantities in the 3-dimensional space analyzing 2-D cut sections. Correction factors may be necessary for the retraction and compression of the tissues. In histological sections, the ‘caps’ of the objects that have been sectioned tangentially are lost when chemical agents remove the paraffin distorting the analysis. Moreover, the analyses based on digital images should consider the same format and the same size (pixels) to all pictures allowing a comparison between groups. Stereology can be ‘model-based’: points within a frame are counted to estimate the ‘volume density’ (Vv) of a structure, and intercepts are counted to assess the ‘surface density’ (Sv). Counting structures within a frame allow estimating the ‘length density’ (Lv). Newer and more complex ‘design-based’ procedures are considered unbiased. The key point is that design-based inference does not require assumptions about the material and uses the ‘random sampling’ approach. The estimation of the number of objects requires a 3-D (volume) probe and therefore the ‘disector’ technique. This review aimed to contribute to the execution of the project, the correct sampling and the data obtained with morphometry and stereology.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN: La morfología cuantitativa contribuye a que los estudios sean menos subjetivos y reproducibles. Los resultados cuantitativos son analizados con estadística y deben basarse en una muestra bien definida. Las variables cuantitativas pueden ser "continuas" o "discretas". En este texto, el término 'morfometría' es usado para diseñar un procedimiento más simple para medir estructuras con una 'regla'. El término "estereología" se usa para estimar cantidades en espacio 3-D analizando secciones de corte en 2-D. Factores de corrección pueden ser necesarios por la retracción y compresión de los tejidos. En secciones histológicas, los "tapones" de las muestras que han sido seccionadas tangencialmente se pierden cuando los agentes químicos eliminan la parafina distorsionando así el análisis. Además, los análisis basados en imágenes digitales deben considerar el mismo formato y el mismo tamaño (píxeles) para todas las imágenes, lo que permite una comparación entre grupos. La estereología puede estar "basada en modelos": los puntos dentro de un marco se cuentan para estimar la "densidad de volumen" (Vv) de una estructura, y las interceptaciones o intersecciones son contadas para evaluar la "densidad de superficie" (Sv). Las estructuras contadas dentro de un marco permiten estimar la 'densidad de longitud' (Lv). Los procedimientos más nuevos y más complejos basados en el diseño se consideran imparciales y objetivos. El punto clave es que el diseño basado en la inferencia no requiere suposiciones acerca del material y utiliza el enfoque de "muestreo aleatorio". La estimación del número de objetos requiere una prueba 3-D (volumen) y, por lo tanto, la técnica "disector". Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo contribuir a la ejecución del proyecto, el muestreo correcto y los datos obtenidos con morfometría y estereología.

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          Most cited references37

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          Some new, simple and efficient stereological methods and their use in pathological research and diagnosis.

          Stereology is a set of simple and efficient methods for quantitation of three-dimensional microscopic structures which is specifically tuned to provide reliable data from sections. Within the last few years, a number of new methods has been developed which are of special interest to pathologists. Methods for estimating the volume, surface area and length of any structure are described in this review. The principles on which stereology is based and the necessary sampling procedures are described and illustrated with examples. The necessary equipment, the measurements, and the calculations are invariably simple and easy.
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            The unbiased estimation of number and sizes of arbitrary particles using the disector.

            D Sterio (1984)
            A three-dimensional counting rule and its integral test system, the disector, for obtaining unbiased estimates of the number of arbitrary particles in a specimen is presented. Used in combination with ordinary and recently developed stereological methods unbiased estimates of various mean particle sizes and the variance of particle volume are obtainable on sets of two parallel sections with a known separation. The same principle allows the unbiased estimation of the distribution of individual particle volumes in sets of serial sections.
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              Error bars in experimental biology

              Error bars commonly appear in figures in publications, but experimental biologists are often unsure how they should be used and interpreted. In this article we illustrate some basic features of error bars and explain how they can help communicate data and assist correct interpretation. Error bars may show confidence intervals, standard errors, standard deviations, or other quantities. Different types of error bars give quite different information, and so figure legends must make clear what error bars represent. We suggest eight simple rules to assist with effective use and interpretation of error bars.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ijmorphol
                International Journal of Morphology
                Int. J. Morphol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía (Temuco, , Chile )
                0717-9502
                December 2017
                : 35
                : 4
                : 1482-1494
                Affiliations
                [1] Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversity of the State of Rio de Janeiro orgdiv1Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases orgdiv2Biomedical Center Brazil
                [2] Temuco Araucanía orgnameUniversidad de La Frontera Chile
                Article
                S0717-95022017000401482
                10.4067/S0717-95022017000401482
                27315006
                56285735-e0b5-4d31-8333-0baeb55264ca

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 October 2017
                : 10 September 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Sample size,Digital images,Statistics,Model-based stereology,Design-based stereology,Tamaño de la muestra,Imágenes digitales,Estadística,Estereología basada en modelos,Estereología basada en el diseño

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