Systemic Effects of Wood Smoke in a Short-Term Experimental Exposure Study of Atopic Volunteers

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Abstract

Objective:

To investigate whether short-term systemic effects of wood smoke occurred in atopic subjects after experimental wood smoke exposures.

Methods:

A double-blind climate chamber study was conducted on 20 healthy atopic subjects with exposures to filtered air and wood smoke. Pneumoproteins, coagulation and adhesion factors, and cytokines were measured. Heart rate was monitored with pulse monitors. Data were analyzed with mixed models.

Results:

Few differences in the outcomes were observed. Plasma tissue factor remained elevated during filtered air exposure ( P = 0.002). P-selectin declined independent of exposure ( P = 0.0006). Interleukin-6 increased after filtered air ( P = 0.03).

Conclusions:

The study confirmed previous observations among nonatopics of limited changes after a 3-hour wood smoke exposure.

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Most cited references 34

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Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease.

C. Pope, Richard Burnett, George Thurston … (2004)

Epidemiologic studies have linked long-term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (PM) to broad cause-of-death mortality. Associations with specific cardiopulmonary diseases might be useful in exploring potential mechanistic pathways linking exposure and mortality. General pathophysiological pathways linking long-term PM exposure with mortality and expected patterns of PM mortality with specific causes of death were proposed a priori. Vital status, risk factor, and cause-of-death data, collected by the American Cancer Society as part of the Cancer Prevention II study, were linked with air pollution data from United States metropolitan areas. Cox Proportional Hazard regression models were used to estimate PM-mortality associations with specific causes of death. Long-term PM exposures were most strongly associated with mortality attributable to ischemic heart disease, dysrhythmias, heart failure, and cardiac arrest. For these cardiovascular causes of death, a 10-microg/m3 elevation in fine PM was associated with 8% to 18% increases in mortality risk, with comparable or larger risks being observed for smokers relative to nonsmokers. Mortality attributable to respiratory disease had relatively weak associations. Fine particulate air pollution is a risk factor for cause-specific cardiovascular disease mortality via mechanisms that likely include pulmonary and systemic inflammation, accelerated atherosclerosis, and altered cardiac autonomic function. Although smoking is a much larger risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality, exposure to fine PM imposes additional effects that seem to be at least additive to if not synergistic with smoking.

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Long-term ozone exposure and mortality.

Michael Jerrett, Richard Burnett, C. Pope … (2009)

Although many studies have linked elevations in tropospheric ozone to adverse health outcomes, the effect of long-term exposure to ozone on air pollution-related mortality remains uncertain. We examined the potential contribution of exposure to ozone to the risk of death from cardiopulmonary causes and specifically to death from respiratory causes. Data from the study cohort of the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II were correlated with air-pollution data from 96 metropolitan statistical areas in the United States. Data were analyzed from 448,850 subjects, with 118,777 deaths in an 18-year follow-up period. Data on daily maximum ozone concentrations were obtained from April 1 to September 30 for the years 1977 through 2000. Data on concentrations of fine particulate matter (particles that are < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter [PM(2.5)]) were obtained for the years 1999 and 2000. Associations between ozone concentrations and the risk of death were evaluated with the use of standard and multilevel Cox regression models. In single-pollutant models, increased concentrations of either PM(2.5) or ozone were significantly associated with an increased risk of death from cardiopulmonary causes. In two-pollutant models, PM(2.5) was associated with the risk of death from cardiovascular causes, whereas ozone was associated with the risk of death from respiratory causes. The estimated relative risk of death from respiratory causes that was associated with an increment in ozone concentration of 10 ppb was 1.040 (95% confidence interval, 1.010 to 1.067). The association of ozone with the risk of death from respiratory causes was insensitive to adjustment for confounders and to the type of statistical model used. In this large study, we were not able to detect an effect of ozone on the risk of death from cardiovascular causes when the concentration of PM(2.5) was taken into account. We did, however, demonstrate a significant increase in the risk of death from respiratory causes in association with an increase in ozone concentration. 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society

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Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study.

Gerard Hoek, Bert Brunekreef, Sandra Goldbohm … (2002)

Long-term exposure to particulate matter air pollution has been associated with increased cardiopulmonary mortality in the USA. We aimed to assess the relation between traffic-related air pollution and mortality in participants of the Netherlands Cohort study on Diet and Cancer (NLCS), an ongoing study. We investigated a random sample of 5000 people from the full cohort of the NLCS study (age 55-69 years) from 1986 to 1994. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollutants (black smoke and nitrogen dioxide) was estimated for the 1986 home address. Exposure was characterised with the measured regional and urban background concentration and an indicator variable for living near major roads. The association between exposure to air pollution and (cause specific) mortality was assessed with Cox's proportional hazards models, with adjustment for potential confounders. 489 (11%) of 4492 people with data died during the follow-up period. Cardiopulmonary mortality was associated with living near a major road (relative risk 1.95, 95% CI 1.09-3.52) and, less consistently, with the estimated ambient background concentration (1.34, 0.68-2.64). The relative risk for living near a major road was 1.41 (0.94-2.12) for total deaths. Non-cardiopulmonary, non-lung cancer deaths were unrelated to air pollution (1.03, 0.54-1.96 for living near a major road). Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution may shorten life expectancy.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Occup Environ Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Occup. Environ. Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): JOEM

Title: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Publisher: John Ewers/Celia Braithwait

ISSN (Print): 1076-2752

ISSN (Electronic): 1536-5948

Publication date (Print): February 2014

Publication date (Electronic): 06 February 2014

Volume: 56

Issue: 2

Pages: 177-183

Affiliations

From the Section of Environment Work and Health (Drs Bønløkke, Riddervold, and Sigsgaard), Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Biostatistics (Ms Grønborg), Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology (Drs Skogstrand and Hougaard), Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Dr Barregard), Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Article

Accession ID: joem5602p177

DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000067

PMC ID: 3921260

PubMed ID: 24451613

SO-VID: 5651ef2f-6bc3-4099-a1d8-81d90c95dec3

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivitives 3.0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.

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Systemic Effects of Wood Smoke in a Short-Term Experimental Exposure Study of Atopic Volunteers

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Abstract

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusions:

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Tobacco Prevention & Cessation

Most cited references 34

Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease.

Long-term ozone exposure and mortality.

Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study.

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Cited by 7

Most referenced authors 610