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      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found

      Distribution of Bacteria in the Epidermal Layers and Hair Follicles of the Human Skin

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          Abstract

          Previous studies over recent years have revealed the presence of a resident bacterial population in the human skin throughout the entire body. However, the localization and composition of the bacteria within the epidermis and the skin appendages have not been fully investigated. Using differential tape stripping, cyanoacrylate skin surface biopsies and mapping of hair follicles, bacteria on the forearms of study participants were isolated, mapped, cultured and identified with respect to their origin within the epidermis and the hair follicles. Our studies showed that 85% of the bacteria were found within the first 6 corneocyte layers and roughly 25% of the cutaneous bacterial population were localized within the hair follicles. The microbial flora of the skin between individuals is subject to considerable fluctuations. Micrococcaceae represent the biggest fraction of hair-follicle-associated bacteria. The techniques developed for this study allowed us to selectively investigate the bacterial population within the hair follicles. Our results point out the role of skin appendages as potential microbial reservoirs and the need to develop new antiseptic formulations that sufficiently penetrate into the hair follicles.

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          Most cited references17

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          Guidelines for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement

          R. A. Tupkek, J Pinnagoda, J Serup … (1990)
          Article 0 comments Cited 143 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Time-dependent variations of the skin barrier function in humans: transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and skin temperature.

            G. Yosipovitch, G L Xiong, E Haus … (1998)
            Although circadian rhythms have been described for many human functions, there are minimal data on circadian rhythms related to skin physiology. This study investigated the circadian rhythmicity of skin variables related to skin barrier function in humans. We measured transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum moisture, skin surface pH, and skin temperature in 16 healthy volunteers (nine men and seven women, aged 23-53 y). Subjects were sampled every 2 h in two sessions over a 24 h span. Twelve samples were obtained for each variable in the following sites: forehead, forearm, upper back, and shin. We used cosinor analysis and ANOVA to validate observed differences. Time-dependent rhythms were detected in most skin variables except in stratum corneum hydration. We found a statistically significant circadian rhythmicity characterized by cosinor analysis in transepidermal water loss, skin surface pH, and skin temperature on the forearm, forehead, and shin. Peak-trough differences occurred in all locations. The values of the same variables measured at different sites correlated positively, whereas the values of the different variables did not. These results suggest that skin permeability is higher in the evening and night than in the morning. These data may be clinically relevant in several aspects applied to skin physiology and topical drug application.
            Article 0 comments Cited 80 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Determination of the Horny Layer Profile by Tape Stripping in Combination with Optical Spectroscopy in the Visible Range as a Prerequisite to Quantify Percutaneous Absorption

              H-J Weigmann, J Lademann, H Meffert … (1999)
              A new method was developed to determine the horny layer profile of volunteers using tape stripping in combination with UV/visible spectroscopy. The optical absorbance and the weight of corneocyte aggregates were compared as parameters for the determination of the mass of the horny layer particles fixed to the individual tapes. It was shown that the potential disturbances influencing both parameters must be considered critically before calculating the correlation factor, found as R 2 mean = 0.93 ± 0.05. It was proven that the absorbance in the visible range is better suited than the weight to quantify the amount of corneocyte aggregates removed by a single strip. The new method allows an exact anatomical localization of the individual tapes and all data obtained within the depth profile of the stratum corneum. This was exemplified by the determination of the penetration of chemical and physical UV filters into the horny layer.
              Article 0 comments Cited 39 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): SPP
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Skin Pharmacol Physiol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1660-5527
                Title: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1660-5527
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-5535
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2011
                Publication date (Print): September 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 July 2011
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 305-311
                Affiliations
                aWound Care Center, bSkin Cancer Center and cCenter of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and dOrganoBalance GmbH, Berlin, Germany
                Author notes
                *Bernhard Lange-Asschenfeldt, MD, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology and Skin Cancer Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, DE–10117 Berlin (Germany), Tel. +49 30 450 518 728, E-Mail bernhard.lange-asschenfeldt@charite.de
                Article
                Publisher ID: 328728 Other ID: Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011;24:305–311
                DOI: 10.1159/000328728
                PubMed ID: 21757977
                SO-VID: 567b249b-bb7e-47b3-ac47-dfdcd58be026
                Copyright © © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 25 June 2010
                Date accepted : 31 March 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy,Pathology,Surgery,Dermatology,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Bacteria,Tape stripping,Corneocytes,Hair follicle
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy, Pathology, Surgery, Dermatology, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Bacteria, Tape stripping, Corneocytes, Hair follicle

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