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      Long term conjugated linoleic acid supplementation modestly improved growth performance but induced testicular tissue apoptosis and reduced sperm quality in male rabbit

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          Abstract

          Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is known for its multiple benefits including improvement of growth, increasing lean mass, and anti-carcinogenic effects. However, when used in long-term supplementations CLA does not improve semen parameters in boar and bull and reduces fertility in Japanese quails. The content of unsaturated fatty acids in dietary lipids plays a significant role in spermatogenesis owning the high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in plasma membrane of sperms. Whether CLA plays a role in testicular tissue and epididymal fat is still unknown. Therefore, in this study we hypothesize that long-term supplementation of equal proportion of CLA isomer mix ( c9, t11-CLA and t10, c12- CLA) in rabbit bucks might alter male reproductive potentials. Twelve V-Line weaned male rabbits were used in 26 weeks trial, rabbits were individually raised and randomly allocated into three dietary groups. Control group ( CON) received a basal diet, a group received 0.5% CLA (CLA 0.5%), and a group received 1% CLA (CLA 1%). Rabbits were euthanized at the end of the trial and several parameters were evaluated related to growth, semen quality, and testicular and epididymal tissue histopathology and transcriptome. The long-term supplementation of CLA increased feed intake by 5% and body weight by 2–3%. CLA 1% decreased sperm progressive motility. In testicular tissue L-carnitine and α-tocopherol were decreased by CLA supplementation. In epididymal fat, CLA tended to decrease concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the expression of SCD5 gene was upregulated by CLA 1% and CASP3 gene was upregulated by CLA 0.5%. Transcription of PPARG was downregulated by CLA. Feeding 1% CLA also decreased testicular epithelial thickness. Long-term supplementation of CLA modestly enhanced male rabbit growth, but negatively impacted male reproduction, especially at high dose of CLA.

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          Empagliflozin decreases myocardial cytoplasmic Na + through inhibition of the cardiac Na + /H + exchanger in rats and rabbits

          Aims/hypothesis Empagliflozin (EMPA), an inhibitor of the renal sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2, reduces the risk of cardiovascular death in patients with type 2 diabetes. The underlying mechanism of this effect is unknown. Elevated cardiac cytoplasmic Na+ ([Na+]c) and Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c) concentrations and decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]m) are drivers of heart failure and cardiac death. We therefore hypothesised that EMPA would directly modify [Na+]c, [Ca2+]c and [Ca2+]m in cardiomyocytes. Methods [Na+]c, [Ca2+]c, [Ca 2+]m and Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) activity were measured fluorometrically in isolated ventricular myocytes from rabbits and rats. Results An increase in extracellular glucose, from 5.5 mmol/l to 11 mmol/l, resulted in increased [Na+]c and [Ca2+]c levels. EMPA treatment directly inhibited NHE flux, caused a reduction in [Na+]c and [Ca2+]c and increased [Ca2+]m. After pretreatment with the NHE inhibitor, Cariporide, these effects of EMPA were strongly reduced. EMPA also affected [Na+]c and NHE flux in the absence of extracellular glucose. Conclusions/interpretation The glucose lowering kidney-targeted agent, EMPA, demonstrates direct cardiac effects by lowering myocardial [Na+]c and [Ca2+]c and enhancing [Ca2+]m, through impairment of myocardial NHE flux, independent of SGLT2 activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4134-x) contains peer-reviewed but unedited supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.
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            Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase by polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol.

            The lipid composition of cellular membranes is regulated to maintain membrane fluidity. A key enzyme involved in this process is the membrane-bound stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the cellular synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids. A proper ratio of saturated to monounsaturated fatty acids contributes to membrane fluidity. Alterations in this ratio have been implicated in various disease states including cardiovascular disease, obesity, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, neurological diseases, immune disorders, and cancer. The regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase is therefore of considerable physiological importance and its activity is sensitive to dietary changes, hormonal imbalance, developmental processes, temperature changes, metals, alcohol, peroxisomal proliferators, and phenolic compounds. Two mouse and rat SCD genes (SCD1 and SCD2) and a single human SCD gene have been cloned and characterized. In the past several years we have studied the dietary influences on the genetic expression of the mouse stearoyl-CoA desaturase. The expression of the mouse SCD genes is regulated by polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol at the levels of transcription and mRNA stability. Promoter elements that are responsible for the polyunsaturated fatty acid repression colocalize with the promoter elements for SREBP-mediated regulation of the SCD genes. It is the goal of this review to provide an overview of the genetic regulation of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase in response to dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol.
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              Identification of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in the bovine mammary gland during the lactation cycle.

              Achieving greater understanding of the genomic influence on milk synthesis in dairy cows represents a daunting challenge. Bovine-specific microarrays have allowed for high-throughput gene expression analysis of the mammary transcriptome. However, real-time PCR (qPCR) still represents the method of choice for accurate expression profiling of small numbers of genes and verification of key microarray relationships. This method is extremely sensitive but requires data normalization to account for analytical errors. Ideally, expression of genes used as internal controls should not be affected by specific treatments or physiological state. Mammary biopsies were collected from five cows each at -15, 1, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 days relative to parturition for gene expression profiling. We evaluated expression of nine genes (RPS9, ACTB, GAPD, GTP, ITGB4BP, MRPL39, RPS23, RPS15, and UXT) that could serve as internal controls in mammary tissue using qPCR. Due to gradual increases in mammary RNA concentration (mug/mg tissue) over lactation, all genes investigated experienced a dilution effect. We used pairwise comparison of expression ratios to analyze the reliability of these genes as internal controls. UXT, RPS9, and RPS15 had the most stable expression ratios across cow and time. We also assessed co-regulation among genes through network analysis. Network analysis suggested co-regulation among most of the genes examined, with MYC playing a central role. Pairwise comparison was suitable for finding appropriate internal controls in mammary gland tissue. Results showed that the geometrical average of UXT, RPS9, and RPS15 expression could be used as internal control for longitudinal mammary gene expression profiling.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                10 January 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 1
                : e0226070
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
                [2 ] Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Qalyubia, Egypt
                [3 ] Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
                [4 ] Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
                [5 ] Department of Physiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
                [6 ] Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
                [7 ] Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
                [8 ] Department of Animal Production, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
                [9 ] Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
                [10 ] Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
                University of Hyderabad, INDIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6544-5145
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2318-9630
                Article
                PONE-D-19-21997
                10.1371/journal.pone.0226070
                6953797
                31923252
                568d2b27-7cf1-4063-bd13-867b12daf028
                © 2020 Abdelatty et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 5 August 2019
                : 19 November 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 10, Tables: 5, Pages: 23
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002378, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University;
                Award ID: Research Band #3
                Award Recipient :
                This study was partially funded by Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Research band #3 to AMA, http://vet.cu.edu.eg/Home. No other external or internal organization have funded this work. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Mammals
                Leporids
                Rabbits
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Animal Studies
                Experimental Organism Systems
                Animal Models
                Rabbits
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Germ Cells
                Sperm
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Lipids
                Fatty Acids
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Lipids
                Fats
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Semen
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Semen
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Semen
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Semen
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Specimen Preparation and Treatment
                Staining
                Group-Specific Staining
                Hematoxylin Staining
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript.

                Uncategorized
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