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      COVID-19 has heightened tensions between and exposed threats to core values of emergency medicine

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          Abstract

          Background

          Professional culture is a powerful influence in emergency departments, but incompletely understood. Disasters magnify cultural realities, and as such the COVID-19 pandemic offered a unique opportunity to better understand emergency medicine (EM) values, practices, and beliefs.

          Methods

          We conducted a collaborative ethnography at a tertiary care center during the acute phase of the response to the threat of COVID-19 (March–May 2020). Collaborative ethnography is a method that partners directly with communities during design, data gathering, and analysis to study culture. An ED-based research team gathered data including field notes from 300 h of participant observation and informal interviews, 42 semi-structured interviews, and 57 departmental documents. Data were deductively coded using a previously generated framework for understanding EM culture.

          Results

          Each of seven core values from the original framework were identified in the dataset and further contextualized understanding of EM culture. COVID-19 exacerbated pre-existing tensions and threats to the core values of EM. For example, the desire to provide patient-centered care was impeded by strict visitor restrictions; the ability to treat life-threatening illness was impaired by new resuscitation room layouts and infection control procedures; and subtle changes in protocols had downstream impact on flow and the ability to balance needs and resources at a system level. The cultural values related to teams were protective and strengthened during this time. The pandemic exposed problems with the status quo, underscored inherent tensions between ED values, and highlighted threats to self-identity.

          Conclusion

          COVID-19 has highlighted and compounded existing tensions and threats to the core values of EM, underscoring a critical mismatch between values and practice. Realignment of the realities of ED work with staff values is urgently needed.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43678-022-00383-0.

          Résumé

          Contexte

          La culture professionnelle est une influence puissante dans les services d'urgence, mais elle est incomplètement comprise. Les catastrophes amplifient les réalités culturelles et, à ce titre, la pandémie de COVID-19 a offert une occasion unique de mieux comprendre les valeurs, les pratiques et les croyances de la médecine d'urgence (MU).

          Méthodes

          Nous avons mené une ethnographie collaborative dans un centre de soins tertiaires pendant la phase aiguë de la réponse à la menace du COVID-19 (mars-mai 2020). L’ethnographie collaborative est une méthode qui s’associe directement aux communautés pendant la conception, la collecte de données et l’analyse pour étudier la culture. Une équipe de recherche basée à l'urgence a recueilli des données, y compris des notes de terrain tirées de 300 heures d’observation des participants et d’entrevues informelles, de 42 entrevues semi-structurées et de 57 documents ministériels. Les données ont été codées de manière déductive à l'aide d'un cadre précédemment créé pour comprendre la culture de la MU.

          Résultats

          Chacune des sept valeurs fondamentales du cadre original a été identifiée dans l'ensemble de données et a permis de mieux comprendre la culture de la MU. COVID-19 a exacerbé les tensions préexistantes et les menaces qui pèsent sur les valeurs fondamentales de la MU. Par exemple, le désir de fournir des soins centrés sur le patient a été entravé par des restrictions strictes concernant les visiteurs ; la capacité de traiter des maladies potentiellement mortelles a été compromise par les nouvelles dispositions des salles de réanimation et des procédures de contrôle des infections ; et des changements subtils dans les protocoles ont eu un impact en aval sur le flux et la capacité à équilibrer les besoins et les ressources au niveau du système. Les valeurs culturelles liées aux équipes étaient protectrices et renforcées pendant cette période. La pandémie a mis en évidence les problèmes liés au statu quo, souligné les tensions inhérentes entre les valeurs des services d’urgence et mis en évidence les menaces pour l'identité personnelle.

          Conclusion

          COVID-19 a mis en évidence et aggravé les tensions et les menaces existantes pour les valeurs fondamentales de la MU, soulignant un décalage critique entre les valeurs et la pratique. Il est urgent de réaligner les réalités du travail dans les services d'urgence sur les valeurs du personnel.

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          Most cited references20

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          • Book Chapter: not found

          Thematic analysis.

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            Purposive Sampling as a Tool for Informant Selection

            Ma. Tongco (2008)
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              • Book: not found

              The Chicago Guide to Collaborative Ethnography

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                dr.eve.purdy@gmail.com
                Journal
                CJEM
                CJEM
                Cjem
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                1481-8035
                1481-8043
                10 September 2022
                10 September 2022
                : 1-14
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.413154.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0625 9072, Department of Emergency Medicine, , Gold Coast University Hospital, ; Southport, QLD Australia
                [2 ]GRID grid.410356.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8331, Department of Emergency Medicine, , Queen’s University, ; Kingston, Canada
                [3 ]GRID grid.511274.4, Emergency Department, , Kingston Health Sciences Centre, ; Kingston, Canada
                [4 ]GRID grid.410356.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8331, School of Medicine, , Queen’s University, ; Kingston, Canada
                [5 ]GRID grid.266869.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1008 957X, Department of Anthropology, , University of North Texas, ; Denton, USA
                [6 ]GRID grid.410356.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8331, Department of Critical Care Medicine, , Queen’s University, ; Kingston, Canada
                [7 ]GRID grid.1033.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0405 3820, Translational Simulation Collaborative, Bond University, ; Gold Coast, Australia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-5377
                Article
                383
                10.1007/s43678-022-00383-0
                9463050
                36087242
                56af5463-c82c-4128-bf57-18b4a99716f3
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 10 February 2022
                : 21 June 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Bond University Limited (ACN 010 694 121)
                Categories
                Original Research

                emergency medicine,ethnography,covid-19,ethnographie,recherche qualitative

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