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      Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury.

      1 , ,
      Comprehensive Physiology
      Wiley

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          Abstract

          Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the leading cause of nephrology consultation and is associated with high mortality rates. The primary causes of AKI include ischemia, hypoxia, or nephrotoxicity. An underlying feature is a rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) usually associated with decreases in renal blood flow. Inflammation represents an important additional component of AKI leading to the extension phase of injury, which may be associated with insensitivity to vasodilator therapy. It is suggested that targeting the extension phase represents an area potential of treatment with the greatest possible impact. The underlying basis of renal injury appears to be impaired energetics of the highly metabolically active nephron segments (i.e., proximal tubules and thick ascending limb) in the renal outer medulla, which can trigger conversion from transient hypoxia to intrinsic renal failure. Injury to kidney cells can be lethal or sublethal. Sublethal injury represents an important component in AKI, as it may profoundly influence GFR and renal blood flow. The nature of the recovery response is mediated by the degree to which sublethal cells can restore normal function and promote regeneration. The successful recovery from AKI depends on the degree to which these repair processes ensue and these may be compromised in elderly or chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Recent data suggest that AKI represents a potential link to CKD in surviving patients. Finally, earlier diagnosis of AKI represents an important area in treating patients with AKI that has spawned increased awareness of the potential that biomarkers of AKI may play in the future.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Compr Physiol
          Comprehensive Physiology
          Wiley
          2040-4603
          2040-4603
          Apr 2012
          : 2
          : 2
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. dpbasile@iupui.edu
          Article
          NIHMS545925
          10.1002/cphy.c110041
          3919808
          23798302
          56d8e76f-9a8e-4b7a-a9ca-165518a3d2fd
          © 2012 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 2:1303-1353, 2012.
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