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      Norms and Social Network–Centric Behavior Change Intervention (Nam Nalavazhvu) for Improved Toilet Usage in Peri-Urban Communities of Tamil Nadu: Protocol for a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

      research-article
      Author(s): , MPH, PhD 1 , , PhD 1 , , , MPH, PhD 1 , 2 , 3 , , PhD 1 , 4 , , BA, MSc 1 , , BSc 1 , , PhD 1 , , PhD 1 , 5
      Editor(s):
      Other contributor(s): (Reviewer), (Reviewer), (Reviewer)
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: JMIR Research Protocols
      Publisher: JMIR Publications
      Keywords: sanitation, behavior change, social norms, toilet

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          Abstract

          Background

          Inconsistent toilet usage is a continuing challenge in India. Despite the impact of social expectations on toilet usage, few programs and studies have developed theoretically grounded norm-centric behavior change interventions to increase toilet use in low-income settings.

          Objective

          The objective of this paper is to detail the rationale and design of an ex ante, parallel cluster-randomized trial evaluating the impact of a demand-side, norm-centric behavior change intervention on exclusive toilet use and maintenance in peri-urban Tamil Nadu, India.

          Methods

          Following formative research, we developed an evidence-based norm-centric behavior change intervention called Nam Nalavazhvu (Tamil for “our well-being”). The multilevel intervention aims to improve toilet usage by shifting empirical expectations or beliefs about other relevant people’s sanitation practices. It also provides action-oriented information to aid individuals to set goals and overcome barriers to own, consistently use, and maintain their toilets. This trial includes 76 wards in the Pudukkottai and Karur districts, where half were randomly assigned to receive the intervention and the remaining served as counterfactuals.

          Results

          We enrolled wards and conducted a baseline survey among randomly selected individuals in all 76 wards. The 1-year behavior change intervention is currently ongoing. At the endline, we will collect relevant data and compare results between study arms to determine the impacts of the Nam Nalavazhvu intervention on sanitation-related behavioral, health, and well-being outcomes and potential moderators. This study is powered to detect differences in the prevalence of exclusive toilet use between study arms. We are also conducting a process evaluation to understand the extent to which the intervention was implemented as designed, given the special pandemic context.

          Conclusions

          Findings from this trial will inform norm-centric behavior change strategies to improve exclusive toilet usage.

          Trial Registration

          ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04269824; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04269824

          International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

          DERR1-10.2196/24407

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          Most cited references46

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          The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions

          Susan Michie, Maartje M. van Stralen, Robert H. West (2012)
          Background Improving the design and implementation of evidence-based practice depends on successful behaviour change interventions. This requires an appropriate method for characterising interventions and linking them to an analysis of the targeted behaviour. There exists a plethora of frameworks of behaviour change interventions, but it is not clear how well they serve this purpose. This paper evaluates these frameworks, and develops and evaluates a new framework aimed at overcoming their limitations. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases and consultation with behaviour change experts were used to identify frameworks of behaviour change interventions. These were evaluated according to three criteria: comprehensiveness, coherence, and a clear link to an overarching model of behaviour. A new framework was developed to meet these criteria. The reliability with which it could be applied was examined in two domains of behaviour change: tobacco control and obesity. Results Nineteen frameworks were identified covering nine intervention functions and seven policy categories that could enable those interventions. None of the frameworks reviewed covered the full range of intervention functions or policies, and only a minority met the criteria of coherence or linkage to a model of behaviour. At the centre of a proposed new framework is a 'behaviour system' involving three essential conditions: capability, opportunity, and motivation (what we term the 'COM-B system'). This forms the hub of a 'behaviour change wheel' (BCW) around which are positioned the nine intervention functions aimed at addressing deficits in one or more of these conditions; around this are placed seven categories of policy that could enable those interventions to occur. The BCW was used reliably to characterise interventions within the English Department of Health's 2010 tobacco control strategy and the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence's guidance on reducing obesity. Conclusions Interventions and policies to change behaviour can be usefully characterised by means of a BCW comprising: a 'behaviour system' at the hub, encircled by intervention functions and then by policy categories. Research is needed to establish how far the BCW can lead to more efficient design of effective interventions.
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            An Ecological Perspective on Health Promotion Programs

            K R McLeroy, D Bibeau, A Steckler … (1988)
            During the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in societal interest in preventing disability and death in the United States by changing individual behaviors linked to the risk of contracting chronic diseases. This renewed interest in health promotion and disease prevention has not been without its critics. Some critics have accused proponents of life-style interventions of promoting a victim-blaming ideology by neglecting the importance of social influences on health and disease. This article proposes an ecological model for health promotion which focuses attention on both individual and social environmental factors as targets for health promotion interventions. It addresses the importance of interventions directed at changing interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy, factors which support and maintain unhealthy behaviors. The model assumes that appropriate changes in the social environment will produce changes in individuals, and that the support of individuals in the population is essential for implementing environmental changes.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1043 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places.

              Robert B Cialdini, Raymond Reno, Carl A. Kallgren (1990)
              Article 0 comments Cited 543 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Cristina Bicchieri:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1648-5068
                Center for Social Norms and Behavioral DynamicsUniversity of Pennsylvania3718 Locust WalkMcNeil BuildingPhiladelphia, PA, 19104United States1 215 898 3023cb36@sas.upenn.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): JMIR Res Protoc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): JMIR Res Protoc
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ResProt
                Title: JMIR Research Protocols
                Publisher: JMIR Publications (Toronto, Canada )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1929-0748
                Publication date Collection: May 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 May 2021
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e24407
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Center for Social Norms and Behavioral Dynamics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA United States
                [2 ] Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta, GA United States
                [3 ] Hubert Department of Global Health Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta, GA United States
                [4 ] Global Development Institute University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom
                [5 ] Center for Behavior and the Environment, Rare Arlington, VA United States
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Cristina Bicchieri cb36@ 123456sas.upenn.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7305-8922
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1648-5068
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3822-6772
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-0139
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6750-2054
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4173-3246
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3739-1637
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1410-5594
                Article
                Publisher ID: v10i5e24407
                DOI: 10.2196/24407
                PMC ID: 8129879
                PubMed ID: 33938805
                SO-VID: 56fd0f6d-e867-44f9-a480-eaa72d19c661
                Copyright © ©Sania Ashraf, Cristina Bicchieri, Maryann G Delea, Upasak Das, Kavita Chauhan, Jinyi Kuang, Alex Shpenev, Erik Thulin. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 03.05.2021.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

                History
                Date received : 17 September 2020
                Date revision requested : 31 December 2020
                Date revision received : 24 February 2021
                Date accepted : 9 March 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Protocol
                Subject: Protocol

                Keywords: sanitation,behavior change,social norms,toilet
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sanitation, behavior change, social norms, toilet

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