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      Fifty-year biogeochemical effects of green ash, white pine, and Norway spruce in a replicated experiment

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      Forest Ecology and Management
      Elsevier BV

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          Air Pollution and Forest Decline in a Spruce (Picea abies) Forest.

          Symptoms of forest decline of spruce in Europe range from needle yellowing and loss to tree and stand mortality. In a study area in northeast Bavaria, West Germany, where forest decline was initially detected, exposure to high concentrations of gaseous pollutants, SO(2,) NO(x,) and ozone has had no long-lasting direct effect on needles, and pathogens have only been secondary agents. Deposition of sulfur, nitrate, and ammonium, however, have significantly modified plant nutrition and soil chemistry. Spruce roots apparently take up ammonium rather than nitrate with an antagonistic effect on uptake of Mg. Nitrate left in the soil solution is leached together with sulfate to ground water, accelerating soil acidification and decreasing Ca/Al and Mg/Al ratios in the soil solution. Soil solution chemistry affects root development, and water and nutrient uptake. Had all nutrients become equally deficient, spruce trees probably could have adjusted by retarding their growth. However, canopy uptake of atmospheric nitrogen in addition to root uptake stimulated growth and caused a nitrogen to cation imbalance to develop; this imbalance resulted in the decline symptoms.
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            The Components of Nitrogen Availability Assessments in Forest Soils

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              Effects of Nutrient Accumulation by Aspen, Spruce, and Pine on Soil Properties1

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Forest Ecology and Management
                Forest Ecology and Management
                Elsevier BV
                03781127
                May 1991
                May 1991
                : 40
                : 1-2
                : 13-25
                Article
                10.1016/0378-1127(91)90088-D
                570c33ae-8602-4774-91a1-ed5e8e9cb596
                © 1991

                http://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/

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