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      Manufatura Aditiva de Aço Inoxidável 316L por Fusão Seletiva a Laser Translated title: Additive Manufacturing of 316L stainless steel by Selective Laser Melting

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          Abstract

          Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a determinação dos parâmetros ótimos do processo de manufatura aditiva de Fusão Seletiva a Laser (FSL) para o aço 316L visando a obtenção de peças com alta densidade, utilizando equipamento fabricado no Brasil. Foi realizada também uma completa caracterização estrutural tanto da matéria prima utilizada (pó comercial) quanto das peças mais densas obtidas. As propriedades mecânicas das peças produzidas por FSL também foram avaliadas e comparadas com peça fabricada de forma convencional. Foi observado que a densidade das peças aumenta com o aumento da densidade volumétrica de energia fornecida pelo laser até atingir um patamar de máxima densidade. Um modelo polinomial foi proposto correlacionando a densidade volumétrica de energia utilizada com a densidade final da peça. As peças produzidas por FSL mostraram uma elevada densificação (densidade relativa superior a 99,49%) com uma reduzida porosidade homogeneamente dispersa no material. Uma microestrutura austenítica celular, típica do processo FSL, foi obtida. A dureza e a microestrutura das peças se mostrou constante ao longo do comprimento das mesmas e os resultados obtidos em ensaio de compressão mostraram que as peças obtidas por FSL possuem uma resistência mecânica e ductilidade próximas às observadas para amostra fabricada de forma convencional.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: The present study aimed to determine the optimum parameters for the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) additive manufacturing process of 316L steel in order to obtain high density parts, using equipment manufactured in Brazil. It was also carried out a complete structural characterization of both the raw material used (commercial powder) and the denser parts obtained. The mechanical properties of the parts produced by SLM were also evaluated and compared with parts manufactured by conventional methods. It was observed that the parts’ density increases with increasing energy density applied by the laser until maximum and constant density level is reached. A polynomial model was proposed correlating the energy density used with the final part density. The parts produced by SLM showed high densification (relative density greater than 99,49%) with low porosity homogeneously dispersed in the material. A cellular austenitic microstructure, typical of SLM process, was obtained. The hardness and microstructure of the parts are constant throughout their length and the compression test results showed that parts manufactured by SLM have strength and ductility similar to those manufactured by conventional methods.

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          Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility

          Many traditional approaches for strengthening steels typically come at the expense of useful ductility, a dilemma known as strength-ductility trade-off. New metallurgical processing might offer the possibility of overcoming this. Here we report that austenitic 316L stainless steels additively manufactured via a laser powder-bed-fusion technique exhibit a combination of yield strength and tensile ductility that surpasses that of conventional 316L steels. High strength is attributed to solidification-enabled cellular structures, low-angle grain boundaries, and dislocations formed during manufacturing, while high uniform elongation correlates to a steady and progressive work-hardening mechanism regulated by a hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure, with length scales spanning nearly six orders of magnitude. In addition, solute segregation along cellular walls and low-angle grain boundaries can enhance dislocation pinning and promote twinning. This work demonstrates the potential of additive manufacturing to create alloys with unique microstructures and high performance for structural applications.
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            Observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing

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              Keyhole threshold and morphology in laser melting revealed by ultrahigh-speed x-ray imaging

              We used ultrahigh-speed synchrotron x-ray imaging to quantify the phenomenon of vapor depressions (also known as keyholes) during laser melting of metals as practiced in additive manufacturing. Although expected from welding and inferred from postmortem cross sections of fusion zones, the direct visualization of the keyhole morphology and dynamics with high-energy x-rays shows that (i) keyholes are present across the range of power and scanning velocity used in laser powder bed fusion; (ii) there is a well-defined threshold from conduction mode to keyhole based on laser power density; and (iii) the transition follows the sequence of vaporization, depression of the liquid surface, instability, and then deep keyhole formation. These and other aspects provide a physical basis for three-dimensional printing in laser powder bed machines.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                si
                Soldagem & Inspeção
                Soldag. insp.
                Associação Brasileira de Soldagem (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0104-9224
                1980-6973
                2020
                : 25
                : e2530
                Affiliations
                [03] São Carlos orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos Brazil
                [02] São Carlos orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Carlos orgdiv1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais Brazil
                [01] São Carlos orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Carlos orgdiv1Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais Brazil
                Article
                S0104-92242020000100223 S0104-9224(20)02500000223
                10.1590/0104-9224/si25.30
                5716e7d1-417e-4294-a9d7-fdb21c56d42b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 July 2020
                : 20 May 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos Técnicos

                Fusão seletiva a laser,316L steel,Selective laser melting,Additive manufacturing,Aço 316L,Manufatura aditiva

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