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      Methylphenidate as a cognitive enhancer in healthy young people Translated title: METILFENIDATO COMO AMPLIADOR COGNITIVO EM JOVENS SAUDÁVEIS

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          ABSTRACT

          The so-called cognitive enhancers have been widely and increasingly used by healthy individuals who seek improvements in cognitive performance despite having no pathologies. One drug used for this purpose is methylphenidate, a first-line drug for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

          Objective:

          The aim of the present study was to test the effect of acute administration of varying doses of methylphenidate (10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg and placebo) on a wide range of cognitive functions in healthy young people.

          Methods:

          A total of 36 young university students and graduates participated in the study. The participants underwent tests of attention and of episodic, and working memory.

          Results:

          No differences in performance were observed on any of the tests. There was a dose-dependent (40 mg > placebo) effect on self-reported wellbeing.

          Conclusions:

          According to the recent literature, psychostimulant medications, such as methylphenidate, improve performance when cognitive processes are below an optimal level, which was not the case for the subjects of the present study. We suggest the impression that methylphenidate enhances cognitive performance in healthy young people, justifying its use, may be due to improvements in subjective wellbeing promoted by the drug.

          RESUMO

          Os chamados ampliadores cognitivos têm sido ampla e crescentemente utilizados por indivíduos saudáveis, que apesar de não apresentarem nenhum tipo de patologia, buscam por melhoras no desempenho cognitivo. Um fármaco utilizado para este fim é o metilfenidato, droga de primeira escolha para tratamento do transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH).

          Objetivo:

          O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da administração aguda de diferentes doses de metilfenidato (10, 20 e 40 mg e placebo) sobre uma ampla gama de funções cognitivas em jovens saudáveis.

          Métodos:

          Participaram do estudo 36 jovens universitários ou graduados, tendo sido realizados testes de atenção, memória operacional, episódica.

          Resultados:

          Não foram observadas diferenças no desempenho dos sujeitos em nenhum dos testes. Houve efeito na auto-avaliação de bem estar, sendo este efeito dose dependente (40 mg > placebo).

          Conclusão:

          De acordo com a literatura recente, medicações psicoestimulantes, como o metilfenidato, produzem melhoras no desempenho quando os processos cognitivos estão abaixo de um nível ótimo, o que não era o caso dos sujeitos do presente estudo. Sugerimos que a impressão de que o metilfenidato melhora o desempenho cognitivo em pessoas jovens e saudáveis se deve ao seu efeito subjetivo de bem-estar.

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          Most cited references57

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          Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy.

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            Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review.

            The term neuroenhancement refers to improvement in the cognitive, emotional and motivational functions of healthy individuals through, inter alia, the use of drugs. Of known interventions, psychopharmacology provides readily available options, such as methylphenidate and modafinil. Both drugs are presumed to be in widespread use as cognitive enhancers for non-medical reasons. Based on a systematic review and meta-analysis we show that expectations regarding the effectiveness of these drugs exceed their actual effects, as has been demonstrated in single- or double-blind randomised controlled trials. Only studies with sufficient extractable data were included in the statistical analyses. For methylphenidate an improvement of memory was found, but no consistent evidence for other enhancing effects was uncovered. Modafinil on the other hand, was found to improve attention for well-rested individuals, while maintaining wakefulness, memory and executive functions to a significantly higher degree in sleep deprived individuals than did a placebo. However, repeated doses of modafinil were unable to prevent deterioration of cognitive performance over a longer period of sleep deprivation though maintaining wakefulness and possibly even inducing overconfidence in a person's own cognitive performance. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Validation of a Portuguese version of the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in Brazilian subjects.

              We have validated a Portuguese version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) tests by obtaining profiles for three Brazilian samples: 270 university students, 117 panic patients and 30 depressed patients. The mean BDI scores were higher for depressed patients (25.2 +/- 12.6), intermediate for anxious patients (15.8 +/- 10.3) and lower for students (8.5 +/- 7.0). Mean STAI scores for anxious (52.8 +/- 11.4) and depressed patients (56.4 +/- 10.5) were higher than for the student sample (40.7 +/- 8.6). BDI and STAI scores were correlated significantly in all samples. The internal consistency of the Portuguese version of BDI is in agreement with the literature (0.81 for students and 0.88 for depressed patients). The present data demonstrate that the psychometric properties of the Portuguese versions of the BDI and STAI are comparable to the original English language versions of these questionnaires, thereby indicating their use in clinical situations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Dement Neuropsychol
                Dement Neuropsychol
                dn
                Dementia & Neuropsychologia
                Associação de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento
                1980-5764
                Apr-Jun 2016
                Apr-Jun 2016
                : 10
                : 2
                : 134-142
                Affiliations
                [1 ]MS, Departamento de Psicobiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
                [2 ]PhD,Departamento de Psicobiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Silmara Batistela. Rua Botucatu, 862 / 1 o andar - 04023-062 São Paulo SP - Brazil. E-mail: batistela.sil@ 123456gmail.com

                Author contribution. Silmara Batistela: design, analysis of data, intellectual contribution to the writing of the manuscript; Orlando Francisco Amodeo Bueno: design, analysis of data, intellectual contribution to the writing of the manuscript; José Carlos Fernandes Galduróz: design, intellectual contribution to the writing of the manuscript; Leonardo José Vaz: design, analysis of data.

                Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest.

                Article
                10.1590/S1980-5764-2016DN1002009
                5642404
                57253974-f571-44cf-ae3e-6425951458b8

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 07 February 2016
                : 12 April 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Original Article

                central nervous system-stimulating drugs,ethics,nootropic drugs,performance enhancing substances,cognition

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