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      Perinatal depression and child development: exploring the economic consequences from a South London cohort

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          Abstract

          Depression in mothers during pregnancy and in the postnatal period has been recognized to have wide-ranging adverse impacts on offspring. Our study examines some of the outcomes and long-term economic implications experienced by offspring who have been exposed to perinatal depression.

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          The long shadow cast by childhood physical and mental problems on adult life.

          A. Goodman, R. Joyce, J Smith (2011)
          In this article we assess and compare long-term adult socioeconomic status impacts from having experienced psychological and physical health problems in childhood. To do so, we use unique prospective data from the British National Child Development Study, a continuing panel study of a cohort of 17,634 children born in Great Britain during a single week in March 1958. To date there have been nine waves for this birth cohort to monitor their physical, educational, and social development, during childhood (at birth and 7, 11, and 16 y) and adulthood (age 23, 33, 42, 46, and 50 y). Excellent contemporaneous information exists throughout childhood on physical and psychological health, captured by doctor and nurse-led medical examinations and detailed parental and teacher questionnaires. This information is combined with a wealth of contemporaneous information on adult health and economic experiences collected from cohort members. Information includes their economic circumstances (earnings, labor supply, and other sources of family income), physical and psychological health, and relationship status. Large effects are found due to childhood psychological problems on the ability of affected children to work and earn as adults and on intergenerational and within-generation social mobility. Adult family incomes are reduced by 28% by age 50 y, with sustained impacts on labor supply, marriage stability, and the conscientiousness and agreeableness components of the "Big Five" personality traits. Effects of psychological health disorders during childhood are far more important over a lifetime than physical health problems.
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            Maternal depression and psychiatric outcomes in adolescent offspring: a 13-year longitudinal study.

            Sarah Halligan, Lynne Murray, Carla Martins … (2007)
            Maternal postnatal depression (PND) has been associated with adverse outcomes in young children, but an association with longer-term psychiatric disorder has not been demonstrated. We present the preliminary findings of a 13-year longitudinal study. In the course of a prospective longitudinal study, we examined DSM-IV Axis I disorders in 13-year-old adolescents who had (n=53) or had not (n=41) been exposed to maternal PND. We also detailed the occurrence of depression in mothers throughout the 13-year follow-up period. Maternal PND was associated with higher rates of affective disorders in adolescent offspring. However, mothers who developed PND were also substantially more likely than those who did not to experience depression subsequently, a fact that contributed to the development of depressive disorder in offspring. Maternal PND was associated with increased risk for depression in adolescent offspring only if there had also been later episodes of maternal depression. In contrast, anxiety disorders in offspring were elevated in the maternal PND group regardless of the occurrence of subsequent maternal depression. Due to the modest sample size and consequently limited power, findings must be regarded as preliminary. The particular association between early maternal depression and anxiety disorders in offspring was consistent with theories that emphasise the primacy of early environmental exposures. This position was not supported with respect to offspring depressive disorder, where overall duration of maternal depression was a significant factor. PND was associated with recurrent episodes of depression in the majority of cases, underlining the need for monitoring of this population beyond the postnatal period.
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              Cost of depression among adults in England in 2000.

              Stephen Morris, Abi Thomas (2003)
              The cost of depression in the UK was estimated at pound 3.5 billion almost a decade ago. The shift to community-based management for depression alongside the availability of more accurate data have allowed these estimates to be revised. To calculate the total cost of depression in adults in England during 2000. Recorded data on health service use by patients with depression were analysed and the cost of treating patients was calculated. The cost of working life lost was estimated from sickness benefit claims and the number of registered deaths of patients with depression. The total cost of adult depression was estimated at over pound 9 billion, of which pound 370 million represents direct treatment costs. There were 109.7 million working days lost and 2615 deaths due to depression in 2000. Despite awareness campaigns and the availability of effective treatments, depression remains a considerable burden on both society and the individual, especially in terms of incapacity to work.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): applab
                Title: Psychological Medicine
                Abbreviated Title: Psychol. Med.
                Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
                ISSN (Print): 0033-2917
                ISSN (Electronic): 1469-8978
                Publication date Created: January 2015
                Publication date (Print): June 20 2014
                Volume: 45
                Issue: 01
                Pages: 51-61
                Article
                DOI: 10.1017/S0033291714001044
                PMC ID: 4341975
                PubMed ID: 25066467
                SO-VID: 572bd910-4e4b-4340-8ca3-b14911471a4e
                Copyright © © 2014
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