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      Development of an instrument for community-level health related social capital among Japanese older people: The JAGES Project

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          Abstract

          Background

          We developed and validated an instrument to measure community-level social capital based on data derived from older community dwellers in Japan.

          Methods

          We used cross-sectional data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study, a nationwide survey involving 123,760 functionally independent older people nested within 702 communities (i.e., school districts). We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on survey items to determine the items in a multi-dimensional scale to measure community social capital. Internal consistency was checked with Cronbach's alpha. Convergent construct validity was assessed via correlating the scale with health outcomes.

          Results

          From 53 candidate variables, 11 community-level variables were extracted: participation in volunteer groups, sports groups, hobby activities, study or cultural groups, and activities for teaching specific skills; trust, norms of reciprocity, and attachment to one's community; received emotional support; provided emotional support; and received instrumental support. Using factor analysis, these variables were determined to belong to three sub-scales: civic participation (eigenvalue = 3.317, α = 0.797), social cohesion (eigenvalue = 2.633, α = 0.853), and reciprocity (eigenvalue = 1.424, α = 0.732). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the goodness of fit of this model. Multilevel Poisson regression analysis revealed that civic participation score was robustly associated with individual subjective health (Self-Rated Health: prevalence ratio [PR] 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94–0.98; Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS]: PR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93–0.97). Reciprocity score was also associated with individual GDS (PR 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96–1.00). Social cohesion score was not consistently associated with individual health indicators.

          Conclusions

          Our scale for measuring social capital at the community level might be useful for future studies of older community dwellers.

          Highlights

          • •

            Most study failed to capture multiple dimensions of community-level social capital.

          • •

            We developed and validated 11-item health related community social capital scale.

          • •

            The scale assessed civic participation, social cohesion, and reciprocity.

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          Most cited references27

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          Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies.

          E. L. Idler, Y Benyamini (1997)
          We examine the growing number of studies of survey respondents' global self-ratings of health as predictors of mortality in longitudinal studies of representative community samples. Twenty-seven studies in U.S. and international journals show impressively consistent findings. Global self-rated health is an independent predictor of mortality in nearly all of the studies, despite the inclusion of numerous specific health status indicators and other relevant covariates known to predict mortality. We summarize and review these studies, consider various interpretations which could account for the association, and suggest several approaches to the next stage of research in this field.
          Article 0 comments Cited 577 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Social capital, income inequality, and mortality.

            I Kawachi, B. Kennedy, K Lochner … (1997)
            Recent studies have demonstrated that income inequality is related to mortality rates. It was hypothesized, in this study, that income inequality is related to reduction in social cohesion and that disinvestment in social capital is in turn associated with increased mortality. In this cross-sectional ecologic study based on data from 39 states, social capital was measured by weighted responses to two items from the General Social Survey: per capita density of membership in voluntary groups in each state and level of social trust, as gauged by the proportion of residents in each state who believed that people could be trusted. Age-standardized total and cause-specific mortality rates in 1990 were obtained for each state. Income inequality was strongly correlated with both per capita group membership (r = -.46) and lack of social trust (r = .76). In turn, both social trust and group membership were associated with total mortality, as well as rates of death from coronary heart disease, malignant neoplasms, and infant mortality. These data support the notion that income inequality leads to increased mortality via disinvestment in social capital.
            Article 0 comments Cited 203 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Social Capital and Health: A Review of Prospective Multilevel Studies

              Hiroshi Murayama, Yoshinori Fujiwara, Ichiro Kawachi (2012)
              Background This article presents an overview of the concept of social capital, reviews prospective multilevel analytic studies of the association between social capital and health, and discusses intervention strategies that enhance social capital. Methods We conducted a systematic search of published peer-reviewed literature on the PubMed database and categorized studies according to health outcome. Results We identified 13 articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria for the review. In general, both individual social capital and area/workplace social capital had positive effects on health outcomes, regardless of study design, setting, follow-up period, or type of health outcome. Prospective studies that used a multilevel approach were mainly conducted in Western countries. Although we identified some cross-sectional multilevel studies that were conducted in Asian countries, including Japan, no prospective studies have been conducted in Asia. Conclusions Prospective evidence from multilevel analytic studies of the effect of social capital on health is very limited at present. If epidemiologic findings on the association between social capital and health are to be put to practical use, we must gather additional evidence and explore the feasibility of interventions that build social capital as a means of promoting health.
              Article 0 comments Cited 163 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Masashige Saito
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Epidemiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Epidemiol
                Title: Journal of Epidemiology
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 0917-5040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1349-9092
                Publication date PMC-release: 04 February 2017
                Publication date Collection: May 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 February 2017
                Volume: 27
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 221-227
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Social Welfare, Nihon Fukushi University, Aichi, Japan
                [b ]Center for Well-being and Society, Nihon Fukushi University, Nagoya, Japan
                [c ]Department of Health and Social Behavior, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
                [d ]Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
                [e ]Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
                [f ]Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
                [g ]Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
                [h ]Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Department of Social Welfare, Nihon Fukushi University, Okuda, Mihama-cho, Chita-gun, Aichi-Prefecture, 470-3295, Japan.Department of Social WelfareNihon Fukushi UniversityOkuda, Mihama-choChita-gunAichi-Prefecture470-3295Japan masa-s@ 123456n-fukushi.ac.jp
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0917-5040(16)30172-1
                DOI: 10.1016/j.je.2016.06.005
                PMC ID: 5394224
                PubMed ID: 28169107
                SO-VID: 572fe2bf-df76-4177-b851-0d96a9b106ab
                Copyright © © 2016 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 9 December 2015
                Date accepted : 17 June 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: social capital,community level,factorial validity,reliability,older people
                Data availability:
                Keywords: social capital, community level, factorial validity, reliability, older people

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