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      Early structural and functional signature of 3-day human skeletal muscle disuse using the dry immersion model : Short-term muscle deconditioning

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          Most cited references42

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          Percutaneous needle biopsy of skeletal muscle in physiological and clinical research.

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            From space to Earth: advances in human physiology from 20 years of bed rest studies (1986-2006).

            Bed rest studies of the past 20 years are reviewed. Head-down bed rest (HDBR) has proved its usefulness as a reliable simulation model for the most physiological effects of spaceflight. As well as continuing to search for better understanding of the physiological changes induced, these studies focused mostly on identifying effective countermeasures with encouraging but limited success. HDBR is characterised by immobilization, inactivity, confinement and elimination of Gz gravitational stimuli, such as posture change and direction, which affect body sensors and responses. These induce upward fluid shift, unloading the body's upright weight, absence of work against gravity, reduced energy requirements and reduction in overall sensory stimulation. The upward fluid shift by acting on central volume receptors induces a 10-15% reduction in plasma volume which leads to a now well-documented set of cardiovascular changes including changes in cardiac performance and baroreflex sensitivity that are identical to those in space. Calcium excretion is increased from the beginning of bed rest leading to a sustained negative calcium balance. Calcium absorption is reduced. Body weight, muscle mass, muscle strength is reduced, as is the resistance of muscle to insulin. Bone density, stiffness of bones of the lower limbs and spinal cord and bone architecture are altered. Circadian rhythms may shift and are dampened. Ways to improve the process of evaluating countermeasures--exercise (aerobic, resistive, vibration), nutritional and pharmacological--are proposed. Artificial gravity requires systematic evaluation. This review points to clinical applications of BR research revealing the crucial role of gravity to health.
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              Skeletal muscle fat infiltration: impact of age, inactivity, and exercise.

              Fat infiltration within the fascial envelope of the thigh or intermuscular adispose tissue (IMAT), has been shown to be associated with both adverse metabolic and mobility impairments in older individuals. More recent findings suggest these fat deposits may be associated with increasing age and inactivity; and perhaps exercise may be able to counter or mitigate this increase in IMAT. This brief report summarizes the literature with respect to IMAT and its relationship to increasing age, physical activity levels, muscle strength, mobility and metabolism in the elderly. Further, we present preliminary data suggesting that IMAT is associated with increasing age in individuals across disease states (r=0.47, p < 0.05), and that resistance exercise can decrease IMAT in older individuals with a variety of co-morbid conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                The Journal of Physiology
                J Physiol
                Wiley-Blackwell
                00223751
                July 01 2017
                July 01 2017
                : 595
                : 13
                : 4301-4315
                Article
                10.1113/JP273895
                5491890
                28326563
                575e6df3-44ca-47f2-8430-53c2d53159e9
                © 2017

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1

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