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      Multifocal contact lens myopia control.

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          Abstract

          Previous studies on soft multifocal contact lens myopia control published in the peer-reviewed literature reported findings of noncommercial contact lenses worn for 1 year or less. This study sought to determine the progression of myopia and axial elongation of children fitted with commercially available distance center soft multifocal contact lenses for 2 years.

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          Power vectors: an application of Fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error.

          L N Thibos, W. Wheeler, D. Horner (1997)
          The description of sphero-cylinder lenses is approached from the viewpoint of Fourier analysis of the power profile. It is shown that the familiar sine-squared law leads naturally to a Fourier series representation with exactly three Fourier coefficients, representing the natural parameters of a thin lens. The constant term corresponds to the mean spherical equivalent (MSE) power, whereas the amplitude and phase of the harmonic correspond to the power and axis of a Jackson cross-cylinder (JCC) lens, respectively. Expressing the Fourier series in rectangular form leads to the representation of an arbitrary sphero-cylinder lens as the sum of a spherical lens and two cross-cylinders, one at axis 0 degree and the other at axis 45 degrees. The power of these three component lenses may be interpreted as (x,y,z) coordinates of a vector representation of the power profile. Advantages of this power vector representation of a sphero-cylinder lens for numerical and graphical analysis of optometric data are described for problems involving lens combinations, comparison of different lenses, and the statistical distribution of refractive errors.
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            Retardation of myopia in Orthokeratology (ROMIO) study: a 2-year randomized clinical trial.

            Pauline Cho, Sin-Wan Cheung (2012)
            This single-masked randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of orthokeratology (ortho-k) for myopic control. A total of 102 eligible subjects, ranging in age from 6 to 10 years, with myopia between 0.50 and 4.00 diopters (D) and astigmatism not more than 1.25D, were randomly assigned to wear ortho-k lenses or single-vision glasses for a period of 2 years. Axial length was measured by intraocular lens calculation by a masked examiner and was performed at the baseline and every 6 months. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00962208. In all, 78 subjects (37 in ortho-k group and 41 in control group) completed the study. The average axial elongation, at the end of 2 years, were 0.36 ± 0.24 and 0.63 ± 0.26 mm in the ortho-k and control groups, respectively, and were significantly slower in the ortho-k group (P 0.54) but was correlated with the initial age of the subjects (P 1.00D per year) were 65% and 13% in younger (age range: 7-8 years) and older (age range: 9-10 years) children, respectively, in the control group and were 20% and 9%, respectively, in the ortho-k group. Five subjects discontinued ortho-k treatment due to adverse events. On average, subjects wearing ortho-k lenses had a slower increase in axial elongation by 43% compared with that of subjects wearing single-vision glasses. Younger children tended to have faster axial elongation and may benefit from early ortho-k treatment. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00962208.).
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              Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia.

              Yvonne Ling, Han Chow Chua, Boon Quah … (2006)
              To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical atropine, a nonselective muscarinic antagonist, in slowing the progression of myopia and ocular axial elongation in Asian children. Parallel-group, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-masked study. Four hundred children aged 6 to 12 years with refractive error of spherical equivalent -1.00 to -6.00 diopters (D) and astigmatism of -1.50 D or less. Participants were assigned with equal probability to receive either 1% atropine or vehicle eye drops once nightly for 2 years. Only 1 eye of each subject was chosen through randomization for treatment. The main efficacy outcome measures were change in spherical equivalent refraction as measured by cycloplegic autorefraction and change in ocular axial length as measured by ultrasonography. The primary safety outcome measure was the occurrence of adverse events. Three hundred forty-six (86.5%) children completed the 2-year study. After 2 years, the mean progression of myopia and of axial elongation in the placebo-treated control eyes was -1.20+/-0.69 D and 0.38+/-0.38 mm, respectively. In the atropine-treated eyes, myopia progression was only -0.28+/-0.92 D, whereas the axial length remained essentially unchanged compared with baseline (-0.02+/-0.35 mm). The differences in myopia progression and axial elongation between the 2 groups were -0.92 D (95% confidence interval, -1.10 to -0.77 D; P<0.001) and 0.40 mm (95% confidence interval, 0.35-0.45 mm; P<0.001), respectively. No serious adverse events related to atropine were reported. Topical atropine was well tolerated and effective in slowing the progression of low and moderate myopia and ocular axial elongation in Asian children.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Optom Vis Sci
                Title: Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry
                ISSN (Electronic): 1538-9235
                ISSN (Print): 1040-5488
                Publication date (Electronic): Nov 2013
                Volume: 90
                Issue: 11
                Affiliations
                [1 ] *OD, PhD, FAAO †OD, MS, FAAO ‡OD, MS §PhD, FAAO College of Optometry (JJW, LAJ-J), The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio. Katie L. Greiner is in private practice in Kent, Ohio. M. Elizabeth McVey is in private practice in Englewood, Florida.
                Article
                DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000036
                PubMed ID: 24061152
                SO-VID: 577e98d8-44dc-4e97-a967-64925b0298cc
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