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      Assessing Adherence to Responsible Reporting of Suicide Guidelines in the Canadian News Media: A 1-year Examination of Day-to-day Suicide Coverage: Évaluer la conformité au journalisme responsable en matière de directives sur le suicide dans les médias canadiens d’information: Un examen d’une année de la couverture quotidienne du suicide

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          This study aims to examine routine day-to-day suicide reporting in the Canadian media, giving a descriptive overview of the tone and content of news articles. The primary objective is to assess adherence to responsible reporting of suicide recommendations in news articles about suicide. A secondary objective is to categorize these articles according to their focus. A tertiary objective is to compare guideline adherence across the different categories of articles.

          Methods:

          We collected news articles containing the keyword “suicide” from 47 Canadian news sources between April 1, 2019, and March 31, 2020. Articles were read and coded for their adherence to responsible reporting of suicide recommendations. Articles were also allotted into categories according to their focus and primary suicide discussed. Frequency counts and percentages of adherence were calculated for all key variables—both overall and by category of article. Chi-square tests were also conducted to assess for variations in adherence by category of article.

          Results:

          The procedures resulted in 1,330 coded articles. On the one hand, there was high overall adherence to several recommendations. For example, over 80% of articles did not give a monocausal explanation, glamourize the death, appear on the front page, include sensational language, or use discouraged words. On the other hand, there was low adherence to other recommendations, especially those related to putatively protective content. For example, less than 25% included help-seeking information, quoted an expert, or included educational content. Cross-category analysis indicated that articles about events/policies/research and Indigenous people had the highest proportions of adherence, while articles about murder-suicide and high-profile suicides had the lowest adherence.

          Conclusions:

          While a substantial proportion of articles generally adhere to suicide reporting recommendations, several guidelines are frequently underapplied, especially those concerning putatively helpful content. This indicates room for improvement in the responsible reporting of suicide.

          Translated abstract

          Objectif:

          La présente étude vise à examiner la couverture quotidienne régulière du suicide dans les médias canadiens, et offre un aperçu descriptif du ton et du contenu d’articles médiatiques. L’objectif principal est d’évaluer la conformité au journalisme responsable en ce qui concerne les recommandations sur le suicide dans les articles sur ce sujet. Un objectif secondaire est de répartir ces articles par catégories selon leur préoccupation principale. Un troisième objectif est de comparer le respect des directives dans différentes catégories d’articles.

          Méthodes:

          Nous avons recueilli des articles médiatiques contenant le mot clé « suicide » dans 47 sources d’information canadiennes entre le 1 er avril 2019 et le 31 mars 2020. Les articles ont été lus et codés selon leur conformité au journalisme responsable des recommandations du suicide. Les articles ont aussi été répartis en catégories selon leur préoccupation principale et le suicide discutés. Le compte de la fréquence et les pourcentages de la conformité ont été calculés pour toutes les variables principales, tant globalement que par catégorie d’article. Les tests chi carré ont aussi été menés pour évaluer les variations de la conformité par catégorie d’article.

          Résultats:

          L’exercice a résulté en 1 330 articles codés. D’une part, il y avait généralement une conformité élevée à plusieurs recommandations. Par exemple, plus de 80% des articles ne donnaient pas d’explication à cause unique, ne glorifiaient pas la mort, n’étaient pas en première page, n’utilisaient pas de vocabulaire à sensation ou découragé. D’autre part, il y avait peu de conformité aux autres recommandations, surtout celles liées au contenu supposément protecteur. Par exemple, moins de 25% comportaient de l’information sur la recherche d’aide, citaient un expert ou incluaient un contenu éducatif. L’analyse entre catégories a indiqué que les articles traitant d’événements/politiques/recherche et de personnes autochtones avaient les proportions les plus élevées de conformité, alors que les articles sur les meurtres-suicides et les suicides très médiatisés avaient la conformité la plus faible.

          Conclusions:

          Même si une proportion substantielle d’articles sont généralement conformes aux recommandations du journalisme sur le suicide, plusieurs directives sont fréquemment sous-appliquées, surtout celles qui concernent le contenu supposément utile. Tout indique qu’il y a place à l’amélioration en matière de journalisme responsable sur le suicide.

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          Most cited references22

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          Association between suicide reporting in the media and suicide: systematic review and meta-analysis

          Abstract Objective To examine the association between reporting on suicides, especially deaths of celebrities by suicide, and subsequent suicides in the general population. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources PubMed/Medline, PsychInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar, searched up to September 2019. Review methods Studies were included if they compared at least one time point before and one time point after media reports on suicide; follow-up was two months or less; the outcome was death by suicide; and the media reports were about non-fictional suicides. Data from studies adopting an interrupted time series design, or single or multiple arm before and after comparisons, were reviewed. Results 31 studies were identified and analysed, and 20 studies at moderate risk of bias were included in the main analyses. The risk of suicide increased by 13% in the period after the media reported a death of a celebrity by suicide (rate ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.18; 14 studies; median follow-up 28 days, range 7-60 days). When the suicide method used by the celebrity was reported, there was an associated 30% increase in deaths by the same method (rate ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.44; 11 studies; median follow-up 28 days, range 14-60 days). For general reporting of suicide, the rate ratio was 1.002 (0.997 to 1.008; five studies; median follow-up 1 day, range 1-8 days) for a one article increase in the number of reports on suicide. Heterogeneity was large and partially explained by celebrity and methodological factors. Enhanced funnel plots suggested some publication bias in the literature. Conclusions Reporting of deaths of celebrities by suicide appears to have made a meaningful impact on total suicides in the general population. The effect was larger for increases by the same method as used by the celebrity. General reporting of suicide did not appear to be associated with suicide although associations for certain types of reporting cannot be excluded. The best available intervention at the population level to deal with the harmful effects of media reports is guidelines for responsible reporting. These guidelines should be more widely implemented and promoted, especially when reporting on deaths of celebrities by suicide. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019086559.
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            Suicide in the media: a quantitative review of studies based on non-fictional stories.

            Research on the effect of suicide stories in the media on suicide in the real world has been marked by much debate and inconsistent findings. Recent narrative reviews have suggested that research based on nonfictional models is more apt to uncover imitative effects than research based on fictional models. There is, however, substantial variation in media effects within the research restricted to nonfictional accounts of suicide. The present analysis provides some explanations of the variation in findings in the work on nonfictional media. Logistic regression techniques applied to 419 findings from 55 studies determined that: (1) studies measuring the presence of either an entertainment or political celebrity were 5.27 times more likely to find a copycat effect, (2) studies focusing on stories that stressed negative definitions of suicide were 99% less likely to report a copycat effect, (3) research based on television stories (which receive less coverage than print stories) were 79% less likely to find a copycat effect, and (4) studies focusing on female suicide were 4.89 times more likely to report a copycat effect than other studies. The full logistic regression model correctly classified 77.3% of the findings from the 55 studies. Methodological differences among studies are associated with discrepancies in their results.
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              Suicide and the media. Part I: Reportage in nonfictional media.

              Numerous studies have considered the association between media reporting and portrayal of suicide and actual suicidal behavior or ideation. This review considered 42 studies that have examined the nonfiction media (newspapers, television, and books). Consideration was given to the extent to which inferences could be made about the relationship between portrayal of suicide in the given media and actual suicidal behavior in terms of: the strength of its association; and the extent to which it could be considered causal. The review demonstrated that there is an association between nonfictional media portrayal of suicide and actual suicide. The association satisfies sufficient of the criteria of consistency, strength, temporality, specificity and coherence for it to be deemed causal.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Psychiatry
                Can J Psychiatry
                CPA
                spcpa
                Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                0706-7437
                1497-0015
                26 June 2020
                September 2020
                : 65
                : 9
                : 621-629
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                [2 ]Ringgold 5620, universityMcGill University; , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]Rob Whitley, PhD, Room E3108, Perry 3C, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3. Email: robert.whitley@ 123456mcgill.ca
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2715-4475
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5376-9241
                Article
                10.1177_0706743720936462
                10.1177/0706743720936462
                7457458
                32588647
                57881360-c970-4e87-8cef-8ca7e32893e8
                © The Author(s) 2020

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Mental Health Commission of Canada;
                Award ID: No grant/ award number
                Categories
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                ts3

                suicide,canada,media,newspaper,contagion,werther effect,indigenous
                suicide, canada, media, newspaper, contagion, werther effect, indigenous

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