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      LA COMPETENCIA DEL OVOCITO: QUÉ, CÓMO Y CUÁNDO Translated title: The Oocite Competence:: What, How and When

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          Abstract

          La producción de embriones in vitro ha sido una herramienta útil para el desarrollo de técnicas como la clonación y la transgénesis, que han revolucionado los campos de la ciencia y la tecnología. La técnica básica para la maduración, fertilización y cultivo in vitro de los embriones produce, desde sus inicios, bajas tasas de desarrollo hasta el estadío de blastocisto con índices reducidos de viabilidad de los mismos. Los avances en el conocimiento de la dinámica celular durante estos procesos condujo a la hipótesis, de que la maduración, entendida como el reinicio del ciclo meiótico, la reorganización del ooplasma y la regulación de la expresión génica, juegan un papel fundamental para sustentar el desarrollo temprano de los embriones, esta capacidad de lograr el desarrollo se ha denominado competencia. La adquisición de la competencia nuclear y citoplásmica ocurre durante dos fases claras del desarrollo del ovocito: la primera, de crecimiento, donde ocurren arreglos moleculares y reorganización de organelas en el ooplasma, y la segunda fase, donde ocurre el reinicio de la meiosis para lograr finalmente el número haploide de cromosomas que se complementarán con los paternos para el desarrollo del nuevo individuo. Esta revisión tiene por objeto describir los procesos celulares y moleculares que conllevan a la adquisición de la competecia del ovocito, se incluyen: la maduración citoplasmática, el reinicio de la meiosis y las interacciones entre el ovocito, las células del cúmulus y el fluido folicular. El tema es presentado en tres partes: 1. el desarrollo del complejo folicular,2. El crecimiento del ovocito y la remodelación intracelular y 3. La maduración nuclear. Se concluye presentando un modelo de comunicación y regulación intercelular, para explicar como este intrincado complejo que involucra diferentes rutas de señalización conducen a la adquisición de la competencia.

          Translated abstract

          The in vitro production of embryos has been a useful tool for the development of techniques such as cloning and transgenesis, which have revolutionized the fields of science and technology. The basic technique for maturation, fertilization and in vitro culture of embryos produced from the beginning, low rates of development to the blastocyst stage and reduced viability of these. Advances in the understanding of cellular dynamics during these processes led to the hypothesis that the maturation, defined as the resumption of the meiotic cycle, ooplasma reorganization and regulation of gene expression, play a key role in sustaining early development on the embryos, this ability to achieve development is called competence. The acquisition of nuclear and cytoplasmic competition takes place over two clear phases of development of the oocyte, the first is the growth, where occur molecular arrangements and organelles reorganization into the ooplasma and the second phase, in which ocurr the restart of meiosis to achieve finally the haploid number of chromosomes that will be complemented by the paternal to the development of a new individual. The aim of this review is to describe the cellular and molecular processes that lead to the acquisition of competence of the oocyte, including: cytoplasmic maturation, resumption of meiosis and the interactions between the oocyte, cumulus cells and follicular fluid. The subject is presented in three parts: 1. follicular development of the complex, 2. Oocyte growth and intracellular remodeling and 3. Nuclear maturation. It concludes with a model of intercellular communication and regulation, to explain this intricate complex as it involves different signaling pathways.

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          Most cited references71

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          FIGalpha, a germ cell-specific transcription factor required for ovarian follicle formation.

          Primordial follicles are formed perinatally in mammalian ovaries and at birth represent the lifetime complement of germ cells. With cyclic periodicity, cohorts enter into a growth phase that culminates in ovulation of mature eggs, but little is known about the regulatory cascades that govern these events. FIGalpha, a transcription factor implicated in postnatal oocyte-specific gene expression, is detected as early as embryonic day 13. Mouse lines lacking FIGalpha were established by targeted mutagenesis in embryonic stem cells. Although embryonic gonadogenesis appeared normal, primordial follicles were not formed at birth, and massive depletion of oocytes resulted in shrunken ovaries and female sterility. Fig(&agr;) (the gene for FIGalpha null males have normal fertility. The additional observation that null females do not express Zp1, Zp2 or Zp3 indicates that FIGalpha plays a key regulatory role in the expression of multiple oocyte-specific genes, including those that initiate folliculogenesis and those that encode the zona pellucida required for fertilization and early embryonic survival. The persistence of FIGalpha in adult females suggests that it may regulate additional pathways that are essential for normal ovarian development.
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            Cell-cycle control during meiotic maturation.

            The meiotic cell cycle, which is comprised of two consecutive M-phases, is crucial for the production of haploid germ cells. Although both mitotic and meiotic M-phases share cyclin-B-Cdc2/CDK1 as a key controller, there are meiosis-specific modulations in the regulation of cyclin-B-Cdc2. Recent insights indicate that a common pattern in these modulations can be found by considering the particular activities of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) during meiosis. The G(2)-phase arrest of meiosis I is released via specific, MAPK-independent signalling that leads to cyclin-B-Cdc2 activation; thereafter, however, the meiotic process is under the control of interplay between MAPK and cyclin-B-Cdc2.
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              THE OVARY

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abc
                Acta Biológica Colombiana
                Acta biol.Colomb.
                Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología (Bogotá )
                0120-548X
                December 2010
                : 15
                : 3
                : 3-18
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia
                [2 ] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia
                Article
                S0120-548X2010000300001
                579cb22f-5a54-4525-b895-551d9f4aa7e3

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-548X&lng=en
                Categories
                BIOLOGY

                General life sciences
                follicular complex,maturation,meiosis,ooplasm,complejo folicular,maduración,ooplasma

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