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      Pharmacological osteonecrosis in maxillofacial surgery, period 2013-2019 Translated title: Osteonecrosis farmacológica en cirugía maxilofacial, periodo 2013-2019

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: The word osteonecrosis (ONC) means "dead bone"; it is a bone disease secondary to the loss of blood supply to the bone, causing its collapse and subsequent death. It can occur in any bone in the body, including those of the maxillofacial region, it is more common in the jaw. In recent years, the relationship of ONC with drugs such as bisphosphonates, antiresorptive, steroids for prolonged use, angiogenesis inhibitor agents, among others, has been found. However, despite the studies carried out by various authors, ONC continues to be an underdiagnosed entity with variable management and treatment, which is why the interest of this research arises with the main objective of reporting the cases of patients diagnosed with Pharmacological ONC. Material and method: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out for approximately 6 years (January 1, 2013 - December 31, 2019), in the Maxillofacial Surgery service of the Specialty Hospital, of National Medical Center, "Siglo XXI", IMSS. Making a review of clinical records, collecting clinical and image controls, reporting the number of cases and the management of patients with ONC, as well as the number of cases of ONC that were related to drugs. Of 9 patients with a diagnosis of osteonecrosis (ONC), only 4 patients were Pharmacological ONC, from the Maxillofacial Surgery service. Results: From a universe of 9 patients with ONC, 4 representative cases of patients with pharmacological ONC were presented, with management based on the protocol used in the Maxillofacial Surgery service of the National Medical Center "Siglo XXI", IMSS; Likewise, the signs and symptoms with which the treatment was staged and determined are shown. The pharmacological treatment associated with ONC was: in 3 patients bisphosphonates (zoledronic acid) and only one patient with Denosumab. The most frequently affected site was the mandible and only one case was bimaxillary (maxilla and mandible). The treatment used as stipulated according to the case, in two ways: conservative and surgical, in both cases a 0.12 % chlorhexidine-based mouthwash was added, and only in case of the presence of infection amoxicillin-based antibiotic with clavulanic acid was given. Discussion: The present study was carried out only in the Maxillofacial Surgery service of the National Medical Center, "Siglo XXI", IMSS. The stages were differentiated according to the AAOMS, SICMF, and SIPMO, clinically imaging. The importance of carrying out a study exclusively of the Maxillofacial Surgery service will allow providing more specific information on the area to later study ONC jointly and in a multidisciplinary way, to later carry out more extensive reports of pharmacological osteonecrosis and/or bisphosphonates, in addition to later elaborating multicenter studies.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La palabra osteonecrosis (ONC) significa "hueso muerto". Es una patología ósea secundaria a la pérdida de suministro de sangre al hueso, provocando su colapso y su posterior muerte. Puede presentarse en cualquier hueso del cuerpo, incluyendo los de la región maxilofacial; es más frecuente en la mandíbula. En los últimos años se ha encontrado la relación de la ONC con medicamentos tales como bifosfonatos, antirresortivos, esteroides por uso prolongado, agentes inhibidores de angiogénesis, entre otros. Sin embargo, pese a los estudios realizados por diversos autores, la ONC continúa siendo una entidad subdiagnosticada y con manejo y tratamiento variable; es por ello que surge el interés de esta investigación con el principal objetivo de reportar los casos de pacientes diagnosticados con ONC farmacológica. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal, observacional, durante aproximadamente 6 años (1 de enero de 2013- 31 de diciembre de 2019), en el servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital de Especialidades, del Centro Médico Nacional, Siglo XXI, IMSS. Haciendo una revisión de expedientes clínicos, recabando controles clínicos y de imagen, reportando el número de casos y el manejo de pacientes con ONC, así como el número de casos de ONC que estuvieron relacionados a fármacos. Se obtuvo una muestra de 9 pacientes con diagnóstico de osteonecrosis (ONC) en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial. Resultados: No se encontró predominio por algun género en específico, la edad promedio fue de 63,44 años, aproximadamente el 50 % de la muestra obtenida fueron pacientes diagnosticados con ONC farmacológica, de los cuales solo uno estuvo asociado a denosumab y 3 fueron ONC relacionada con bifosfonatos. El tratamiento empleado se estipuló acorde el caso, por dos formas: conservadora y quirúrgica; en ambos casos se agregó colutorio a base de clorhexidina al 0,12 % y solo en caso de presencia de infección se dio antibiótico a base de amoxicilina con ácido clavulánico. Discusión: El presente estudio se realizó únicamente en el servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial, del Centro Médico Nacional, Siglo XXI, IMSS. Se clasificaron los estadios conforme a la AAOMS, SICMF and SIPMO, clínico-imagenológicamente. La importancia de realizar un estudio exclusivamente del Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial brindará información más específica del área para posteriormente abordar de manera conjunta y multidisciplinariamente la ONC y poder realizar reportes más amplios de la osteonecrosis farmacológica y/o en relación a bifosfonatos, además de dar pie a realizar posteriormente estudios multicéntricos. Es por ello que en este trabajo se partió de lo específico para posteriormente ampliar el campo de estudio.

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          Bisphosphonates: mechanism of action and role in clinical practice.

          Bisphosphonates are primary agents in the current pharmacological arsenal against osteoclast-mediated bone loss due to osteoporosis, Paget disease of bone, malignancies metastatic to bone, multiple myeloma, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. In addition to currently approved uses, bisphosphonates are commonly prescribed for prevention and treatment of a variety of other skeletal conditions, such as low bone density and osteogenesis imperfecta. However, the recent recognition that bisphosphonate use is associated with pathologic conditions including osteonecrosis of the jaw has sharpened the level of scrutiny of the current widespread use of bisphosphonate therapy. Using the key words bisphosphonate and clinical practice in a PubMed literature search from January 1, 1998, to May 1, 2008, we review current understanding of the mechanisms by which bisphosphonates exert their effects on osteoclasts, discuss the role of bisphosphonates in clinical practice, and highlight some areas of concern associated with bisphosphonate use.
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            10 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the phase 3 randomised FREEDOM trial and open-label extension.

            Long-term safety and efficacy of osteoporosis treatment are important because of the chronic nature of the disease. We aimed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of denosumab, which is widely used for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
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              Metastatic bone disease: clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment strategies.

              Metastatic bone disease develops as a result of the many interactions between tumour cells and bone cells. This leads to disruption of normal bone metabolism, with the increased osteoclast activity seen in most, if not all, tumour types providing a rational target for treatment. The clinical course of metastatic bone disease in multiple myeloma, breast and prostate cancers is relatively long, with patients experiencing sequential skeletal complications over a period of several years. These include bone pain, fractures, hypercalcaemia and spinal cord compression, all of which may profoundly impair a patient's quality of life. External beam radiotherapy and systemic endocrine and cytotoxic treatments are the mainstay of treatment in advanced cancers. However, it is now clear that the bisphosphonates provide an additional treatment strategy, which reduces both the symptoms and complications of bone involvement. Ongoing research is aimed at trying to define the optimum route, dose, schedule and type of bisphosphonate in metastatic bone disease and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in cancer patients. In vitro suggestions of direct anticancer activity and some promising clinical data in early breast cancer have resulted in considerable interest in the possible adjuvant use of bisphosphonates to inhibit the development of bone metastases. Copyright 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                dolor
                Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor
                Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor
                Inspira Network Group, S.L (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1134-8046
                August 2021
                : 28
                : 4
                : 211-218
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameSpecialty Hospital Dr. Bernardo Sepulveda Gutiérrez National Medical Center. Siglo XXI, IMSS orgdiv1Maxillofacial Surgery Service Mexico
                [2] orgnameAdolfo López Mateos Regional Hospital orgdiv1Neurosurgery Service Mexico
                Article
                S1134-80462021000500211 S1134-8046(21)02800400211
                10.20986/resed.2021.3837/2020
                57af4ba1-9f36-4cb7-b2af-24db31549b0f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 August 2021
                : 30 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Spain

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                Originals

                Osteonecrosis,pharmacological,bisphosphonates,denosumab,farmacológica,bifosfonatos

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