Influence of physical fitness on cognitive and academic performance in adolescents: A systematic review from 2005–2015

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Executive functions (EFs) make possible mentally playing with ideas; taking the time to think before acting; meeting novel, unanticipated challenges; resisting temptations; and staying focused. Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control—resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances). The developmental progression and representative measures of each are discussed. Controversies are addressed (e.g., the relation between EFs and fluid intelligence, self-regulation, executive attention, and effortful control, and the relation between working memory and inhibition and attention). The importance of social, emotional, and physical health for cognitive health is discussed because stress, lack of sleep, loneliness, or lack of exercise each impair EFs. That EFs are trainable and can be improved with practice is addressed, including diverse methods tried thus far.

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Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health.

F. Ortega, J. Ruiz, M. J. Castillo … (2008)

This review aims to summarize the latest developments with regard to physical fitness and several health outcomes in young people. The literature reviewed suggests that (1) cardiorespiratory fitness levels are associated with total and abdominal adiposity; (2) both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness are shown to be associated with established and emerging cardiovascular disease risk factors; (3) improvements in muscular fitness and speed/agility, rather than cardiorespiratory fitness, seem to have a positive effect on skeletal health; (4) both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness enhancements are recommended in pediatric cancer patients/survivors in order to attenuate fatigue and improve their quality of life; and (5) improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness have positive effects on depression, anxiety, mood status and self-esteem, and seem also to be associated with a higher academic performance. In conclusion, health promotion policies and physical activity programs should be designed to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, but also two other physical fitness components such us muscular fitness and speed/agility. Schools may play an important role by identifying children with low physical fitness and by promoting positive health behaviors such as encouraging children to be active, with special emphasis on the intensity of the activity.

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Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway.

Christiane D Wrann, James P. White, John Salogiannnis … (2013)

Exercise can improve cognitive function and has been linked to the increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving the elevation of this neurotrophin remain unknown. Here we show that FNDC5, a previously identified muscle protein that is induced in exercise and is cleaved and secreted as irisin, is also elevated by endurance exercise in the hippocampus of mice. Neuronal Fndc5 gene expression is regulated by PGC-1α, and Pgc1a(-/-) mice show reduced Fndc5 expression in the brain. Forced expression of FNDC5 in primary cortical neurons increases Bdnf expression, whereas RNAi-mediated knockdown of FNDC5 reduces Bdnf. Importantly, peripheral delivery of FNDC5 to the liver via adenoviral vectors, resulting in elevated blood irisin, induces expression of Bdnf and other neuroprotective genes in the hippocampus. Taken together, our findings link endurance exercise and the important metabolic mediators, PGC-1α and FNDC5, with BDNF expression in the brain. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Journal

Title: International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology

Abbreviated Title: International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

ISSN (Print): 1750-984X

ISSN (Electronic): 1750-9858

Publication date Created: September 04 2016

Publication date (Print): September 04 2016

Volume: 10

Issue: 1

Pages: 108-133

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DOI: 10.1080/1750984X.2016.1184699

SO-VID: 57c744ad-8b01-40cd-be02-51db14ed7d4f

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Influence of physical fitness on cognitive and academic performance in adolescents: A systematic review from 2005–2015

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Abstract

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Most cited references 56

Executive Functions

Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health.

Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway.

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