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      Response to “Nature fix: Addiction to outdoor activities” : R. C. Buckley’s commentary on Heirene, R. M., Shearer, D., Roderique-Davies, G., & Mellalieu, S. D. (2016). Addiction in extreme sports: An exploration of withdrawal states in rock climbers. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5, 332–341.

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          Abstract

          Buckley’s commentary on our study of rock climber’s withdrawal experiences raises a number of important questions surrounding the concept of extreme or adventure sports addiction. Drawing on the few available investigations of this topic, we respond to Buckley’s questions here, though emphasize the need for further studies of extreme sports addiction in order to provide more empirically informed answers.

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          The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature.

          Marc Berman, John Jonides, S. Kaplan (2008)
          We compare the restorative effects on cognitive functioning of interactions with natural versus urban environments. Attention restoration theory (ART) provides an analysis of the kinds of environments that lead to improvements in directed-attention abilities. Nature, which is filled with intriguing stimuli, modestly grabs attention in a bottom-up fashion, allowing top-down directed-attention abilities a chance to replenish. Unlike natural environments, urban environments are filled with stimulation that captures attention dramatically and additionally requires directed attention (e.g., to avoid being hit by a car), making them less restorative. We present two experiments that show that walking in nature or viewing pictures of nature can improve directed-attention abilities as measured with a backwards digit-span task and the Attention Network Task, thus validating attention restoration theory.
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            Healthy nature healthy people: 'contact with nature' as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations.

            Cecily Maller, Mardie Townsend, Anita Pryor … (2006)
            Whilst urban-dwelling individuals who seek out parks and gardens appear to intuitively understand the personal health and well-being benefits arising from 'contact with nature', public health strategies are yet to maximize the untapped resource nature provides, including the benefits of nature contact as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. This paper presents a summary of empirical, theoretical and anecdotal evidence drawn from a literature review of the human health benefits of contact with nature. Initial findings indicate that nature plays a vital role in human health and well-being, and that parks and nature reserves play a significant role by providing access to nature for individuals. Implications suggest contact with nature may provide an effective population-wide strategy in prevention of mental ill health, with potential application for sub-populations, communities and individuals at higher risk of ill health. Recommendations include further investigation of 'contact with nature' in population health, and examination of the benefits of nature-based interventions. To maximize use of 'contact with nature' in the health promotion of populations, collaborative strategies between researchers and primary health, social services, urban planning and environmental management sectors are required. This approach offers not only an augmentation of existing health promotion and prevention activities, but provides the basis for a socio-ecological approach to public health that incorporates environmental sustainability.
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              Rush as a key motivation in skilled adventure tourism: Resolving the risk recreation paradox

              Ralf Buckley (2012)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (pmc): jba
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 2006
                Title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                Abbreviated Title: J Behav Addict
                Publisher: Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                ISSN (Print): 2062-5871
                ISSN (Electronic): 2063-5303
                Publication date (Electronic, epub): 20 December 2016
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 559-561
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales , Pontypridd, Wales, UK
                [ 2 ]Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University , Cardiff, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Robert M. Heirene; School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, CF37 1DL Pontypridd, Wales, UK; Phone: +44 1443 654069; E-mail: rob.heirene@ 123456southwales.ac.uk
                Article
                DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.087
                PMC ID: 5370361
                PubMed ID: 27998174
                SO-VID: 57cf8c42-b42e-42d5-8fe8-f6fa03bf6537
                Copyright © © 2016 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 24 November 2016
                Date revision received : 30 November 2016
                Date accepted : 01 December 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 3
                Funding
                Funding sources: No financial support was received for this article.
                Categories
                Subject: RESPONSE

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine,Psychology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: withdrawal,adventure,sport,extreme,rush,addiction
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine, Psychology, Social & Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: withdrawal, adventure, sport, extreme, rush, addiction

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