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      STIMULATION OF LATEX PRODUCTION IN SERINGUEIRA (HEVEA BRASILIENSIS L.) WITH ETRHEL DOSES Translated title: ESTIMULAÇÃO DA PRODUÇÃO DE LÁTEX EM SERINGUEIRA (Hevea brasiliensis L.) COM DOSES DE ETHREL

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT The use of the Ethrel® stimulant on rubber cultivation has become essential to ensure greater rubber production. When applied on the cut of the tree, this stimulant releases the ethylene gas that causes an increase of the exudation period of the latex flow. Dilutions and applications should be performed correctly so that they do not cause tapping panel dryness, which would leave the plant unproductive for a long time. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of ethrel on tapping panel dryness and rubber production of rubber tree clones. Three experiments were conducted using a randomized block design with four treatments (ethrel doses) and three replicates. The clones used were RRIM600, PR255 and PB217 submitted to doses of the stimulant Ethrel 0%, 2.5%, 3.3% and 5% with an interval of application of 30 days. The d/7 bleeding system was used. The productive performance was evaluated monthly and the total of plants with tapping panel dryness at the end of the work. All clones presented a linear positive response to increasing doses. The dose of ethrel 5% favors higher rubber yields in the three evaluated clones, but is associated with high percentage of drying. Thus, it was concluded that the production of rubber is affected positively with the increase of ethrel doses, but this increase causes a higher incidence of panel drying. Thus, it is recommended to use the ethrel 2.5% dose so the production is guaranteed without causing the tapping panel dryness.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO O emprego do estimulante Ethrel® na cultura da seringueira tornou-se essencial para garantir maiores produções de borracha. Ao ser aplicado no local do corte da árvore, esse estimulante libera o gás etileno que provoca o aumento do período de exsudação do fluxo do látex. As diluições e aplicações devem ser realizadas de forma correta para que não provoquem secamento nos painéis, o que deixaria a planta improdutiva por longo tempo. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de doses crescentes de ethrel no secamento de painel e na produção de borracha de clones de seringueira. Conduziu-se três experimentos utilizando-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (doses de ethrel) e três repetições. Os clones utilizados foram RRIM600, PR255 e PB217 submetidos às doses do estimulante Ethrel 0%, 2,5%, 3,3% e 5% com intervalo de aplicação de 30 dias. Utilizou-se o sistema de sangria d/7. Foram avaliados o desempenho produtivo mensalmente e o total de plantas com secamento de painel ao término do trabalho. Todos os clones apresentaram resposta linear positiva ao aumento das doses. A dose de ethrel 5% favorece maiores produções de borracha nos três clones avaliados, mas está associada à alta porcentagem de secamento. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que a produção de borrracha de seringueira é afetada positivamente com o aumento das doses de ethrel, mas esse aumento provoca maior incidência de secamento de painel. Assim, recomenda-se a utilizaçãoda dose de ethrel 2,5% pela garantia da produção sem provocar o secamento do painel de sangria.

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          The small RNA profile in latex from Hevea brasiliensis trees is affected by tapping panel dryness.

          Natural rubber is harvested by tapping Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg. Harvesting stress can lead to tapping panel dryness (TPD). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are induced by abiotic stress and regulate gene expression by targeting the cleavage or translational inhibition of target messenger RNAs. This study set out to sequence miRNAs expressed in latex cells and to identify TPD-related putative targets. Deep sequencing of small RNAs was carried out on latex from trees affected by TPD using Solexa technology. The most abundant small RNA class size was 21 nucleotides for TPD trees compared with 24 nucleotides in healthy trees. By combining the LeARN pipeline, data from the Plant MicroRNA database and Hevea EST sequences, we identified 19 additional conserved and four putative species-specific miRNA families not found in previous studies on rubber. The relative transcript abundance of the Hbpre-MIR159b gene increased with TPD. This study revealed a small RNA-specific signature of TPD-affected trees. Both RNA degradation and a shift in miRNA biogenesis are suggested to explain the general decline in small RNAs and, particularly, in miRNAs.
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            Identification of expression profiles of tapping panel dryness (TPD) associated genes from the latex of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.).

            Tapping panel dryness (TPD) occurrence in high latex yielding rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is characterized by the partial or complete cessation of latex flow upon tapping leading to severe loss in natural rubber production around the world. The goal of this study was to identify genes whose mRNA transcript levels are differentially regulated in rubber tree during the onset of TPD. To isolate TPD responsive genes, two cDNA libraries (forward and reverse) from total RNA isolated from latex of healthy and TPD trees were constructed using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method. In total, 1,079 EST clones were obtained from two cDNA libraries and screened by reverse Northern blot analysis. Screening results revealed that about 352 clones were differentially regulated and they were selected for sequencing. Based on the nucleotide sequence data, the putative functions of cDNA clones were predicted by BLASTX/BLASTN analysis. Among these, 64 were genes whose function had been previously identified while the remaining clones were genes with either unknown protein function or insignificant similarity to other protein/DNA/EST sequences in existing databases. RT-PCR analysis was carried out to validate the up-regulated genes from both the libraries. Among them, two genes were strongly down-regulated in TPD trees. The level of mRNA transcripts of these two genes was further examined by conventional Northern and RT-PCR analysis. Results indicated that the expression level of two genes was significantly lower in TPD trees compared to healthy trees. Many TPD associated genes were also up-regulated in TPD trees suggesting that they may be involved in triggering programmed cell death (PCD) during the onset of TPD syndrome. The results presented here demonstrate that SSH technique provides a powerful complementary approach for the identification of TPD related genes from rubber tree.
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              Ethrel-stimulated prolongation of latex flow in the rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.): an Hev b 7-like protein acts as a universal antagonist of rubber particle aggregating factors from lutoids and C-serum

              Ethrel is the most effective stimuli in prolonging the latex flow that consequently increases yield per tapping. This effect is largely ascribed to the enhanced lutoid stability, which is associated with the decreased release of initiators of rubber particle (RP) aggregation from lutoid bursting. However, the increase in both the bursting index of lutoids and the duration of latex flow after applying ethrel or ethylene gas in high concentrations suggests that a new mechanism needs to be introduced. In this study, a latex allergen Hev b 7-like protein in C-serum was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). In vitro analysis showed that the protein acted as a universal antagonist of RP aggregating factors from lutoids and C-serum. Ethrel treatment obviously weakened the effect of C-serum on RP aggregation, which was closely associated with the increase in the level of the Hev b 7-like protein and the decrease in the level of the 37 kDa protein, as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), western blotting analysis and antibody neutralization. Thus, the increase of the Hev b 7-like protein level or the ratio of the Hev b 7-like protein to the 37 kDa protein in C-serum should be primarily ascribed to the ethrel-stimulated prolongation of latex flow duration.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rarv
                Revista Árvore
                Rev. Árvore
                Sociedade de Investigações Florestais (Viçosa, MG, Brazil )
                0100-6762
                1806-9088
                2017
                : 41
                : 5
                : e410511
                Affiliations
                [3] Goianésia Goiás orgnameFaculdade Evangélica de Goianésia Brasil josycard@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                [2] Goianésia Goiás orgnameFaculdade Evangélica de Goianésia Brasil alessanteles@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S0100-67622017000500211 S0100-6762(17)04100500211
                10.1590/1806-90882017000500011
                57f5bff8-3ecc-4ef8-972b-3c8307712c0d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 October 2017
                : 23 January 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Articles

                Secamento de painel,Hevea brasiliensis,Natural rubber,Tapping panel dryness,Hevea brasiliensis L.,Borracha natural

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