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      Experimental demonstration of information-to-energy conversion and validation of the generalized Jarzynski equality

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          �ber die Entropieverminderung in einem thermodynamischen System bei Eingriffen intelligenter Wesen

          L SZILARD (1929)
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            Experimental demonstration of violations of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems and short time scales.

            We experimentally demonstrate the fluctuation theorem, which predicts appreciable and measurable violations of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems over short time scales, by following the trajectory of a colloidal particle captured in an optical trap that is translated relative to surrounding water molecules. From each particle trajectory, we calculate the entropy production/consumption over the duration of the trajectory and determine the fraction of second law-defying trajectories. Our results show entropy consumption can occur over colloidal length and time scales.
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              A molecular information ratchet.

              Motor proteins and other biological machines are highly efficient at converting energy into directed motion and driving chemical systems away from thermodynamic equilibrium. But even though these biological structures have inspired the design of many molecules that mimic aspects of their behaviour, artificial nanomachine systems operate almost exclusively by moving towards thermodynamic equilibrium, not away from it. Here we show that information about the location of a macrocycle in a rotaxane-a molecular ring threaded onto a molecular axle-can be used, on the input of light energy, to alter the kinetics of the shuttling of the macrocycle between two compartments on the axle. For an ensemble of such molecular machines, the macrocycle distribution is directionally driven away from its equilibrium value without ever changing the relative binding affinities of the ring for the different parts of the axle. The selective transport of particles between two compartments by brownian motion in this way bears similarities to the hypothetical task performed without an energy input by a 'demon' in Maxwell's famous thought experiment. Our observations demonstrate that synthetic molecular machines can operate by an information ratchet mechanism, in which knowledge of a particle's position is used to control its transport away from equilibrium.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nature Physics
                Nature Phys
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                1745-2473
                1745-2481
                December 2010
                November 14 2010
                December 2010
                : 6
                : 12
                : 988-992
                Article
                10.1038/nphys1821
                5807984f-1673-40e7-873e-2770f3fb6288
                © 2010

                http://www.springer.com/tdm

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