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      First identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in pet rabbits in China

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          Abstract

          Background

          Microsporidia are common opportunistic parasites in humans and animals, including rabbits. However, only limited epidemiology data concern about the prevalence and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in rabbits. This study is the first detection and genotyping of Microsporidia in pet rabbits in China.

          Results

          A total of 584 faecal specimens were collected from rabbits in pet shops from four cities in Sichuan province, China. The overall prevalence of microsporidia infection was 24.8% by nested PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. respectively. E. bieneusi was the most common species ( n = 90, 15.4%), followed by Encephalitozoon cuniculi ( n = 34, 5.8%) and Encephalitozoon intestinalis ( n = 16, 2.7%). Mixed infections ( E. bieneusi and E. cuniculi) were detected in five another rabbits (0.9%). Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of microsporidia were observed among different cities (χ 2 = 38.376, df = 3, P < 0.01) and the rabbits older than 1 year were more likely to harbour microsporidia infections (χ 2 = 9.018, df = 2, P < 0.05). Eleven distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi were obtained, including five known (SC02, I, N, J, CHY1) and six novel genotypes (SCR01, SCR02, SCR04 to SCR07). SC02 was the most prevalent genotype in all tested cities (43.3%, 39/90). Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genotypes were clustered into group 1–3 and group 10. Meanwhile, two genotypes (I and II) were identified by sequence analysis of the ITS region of E. cuniculi.

          Conclusion

          To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of microsporidia infection in pet rabbits in China. Genotype SC02 and four novel genotypes were classified into potential zoonotic group 1, suggesting that pet rabbits may cause microsporidiosis in humans through zoonotic transmissions. These findings provide preliminary reference data for monitoring microsporidia infections in pet rabbits and humans.

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          Microsporidiosis: Enterocytozoon bieneusi in domesticated and wild animals.

          Monica Santin, Ronald Fayer (2011)
          Microsporidia are a ubiquitous group of obligate intracellular parasites that infect all major animal groups. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most commonly identified Microsporidia in humans and has also been reported worldwide in animals with importance in veterinary medicine (e.g., cats, dogs, horses, cattle and pigs). The identification of E. bieneusi in animals has raised the question of the importance of animal reservoirs in the epidemiology of this pathogen, and the implications of the infection with this pathogen in infected animals. Considerable genetic diversity within E. bieneusi has been found with over 90 genotypes identified based on the ITS nucleotide sequence of E. bieneusi spores recovered from the feces of infected humans and animals. Both host-adapted E. bieneusi genotypes with narrow host ranges and potentially zoonotic genotypes with wide host specificity have been identified. The information presented in this review should be useful in understanding the taxonomy, epidemiology, zoonotic potential, and importance in public health of E. bieneusi. Published by Elsevier India Pvt Ltd.
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            Host Specificity of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Public Health Implications

            Wei Li, Yaoyu Feng, Monica Santin (2019)
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              Compliance with anthelmintic treatment in the neglected tropical diseases control programmes: a systematic review

              Kathryn Shuford, Hugo C. Turner, Roy Anderson (2016)
              Preventive chemotherapy (PCT) programmes are used to control five of the highest burden neglected tropical diseases (NTDs): soil-transmitted helminth infections (hookworm, ascariasis, and trichuriasis), lymphatic filariasis, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and trachoma. Over the past decade, new resource commitments for the NTDs have enabled such programmes to intensify their control efforts, and for some diseases, to shift from goals of morbidity control to the interruption of transmission and elimination. To successfully eliminate the parasite reservoir, these programmes will undoubtedly require prolonged, high treatment coverage. However, it is important to consider that even when coverage levels reach an acceptable proportion of the target population, there may be a considerable gap between coverage (those who receive the drug) and compliance (those who actually consume the drug)—a topic of fundamental and perhaps underestimated importance. We conducted a systematic review of published literature that investigated compliance to PCT programmes for NTD control and elimination. Databases searched included PubMed/Medline, Web of Knowledge (including Web of Science), OVID, and Scopus. Data were collected on compliance rates, reasons for non-compliance, as well as the heterogeneity of compliance definitions and calculations across programmes and studies. A total of 112 studies were selected for inclusion. The findings of the review revealed substantial heterogeneity across compliance terms and definitions; an imbalance of available studies for particular disease areas and countries; and finally, a lack of longitudinal compliance studies to properly investigate the role of systematic non-compliance. The lack of consistency among reporting of compliance data can result in under- or over-estimating compliance in a population, and therefore has serious implications for setting and reaching elimination targets. Reframing of the guidelines on compliance definitions coupled with an urgent call for longitudinal research in systematic non-compliance should be essential elements in the programmatic shift from control to elimination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1311-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Guangneng Peng: pgn.sicau@163.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Vet Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Vet. Res
                Title: BMC Veterinary Research
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1746-6148
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 June 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 22 June 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 16
                Electronic Location Identifier: 212
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.80510.3c, ISNI 0000 0001 0185 3134, The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, , College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, ; Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2434
                DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02434-z
                PMC ID: 7310219
                PubMed ID: 32571322
                SO-VID: 580b3d1b-126c-4f1c-8c3d-05b2cacade56
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 19 March 2020
                Date accepted : 16 June 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: National Science and Technology Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period (CN)
                Award ID: No. 2016YFD0501009
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010821, Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Research Foundation;
                Award ID: CPF2017-12, CPF2015-09, CPF2015-07
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: microsporidia,rabbits,its,microsporidiosis,china
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: microsporidia, rabbits, its, microsporidiosis, china

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