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      Tratamiento de la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad: situación de la regulación en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Un estudio exploratorio mediante grupos focales Translated title: Treatment of disease-related malnutrition: status of regulation in the Spanish National Health System. An exploratory study through focus groups

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          Abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes y objetivos: la normativa que regula la inclusión de alimentos para usos médicos especiales (ADUME) entre las prestaciones del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) fue elaborada hace unos 15 años, si bien la nutrición enteral domiciliaria (NED) se comenzó a regular en 1998. La evolución de las características técnicas de los ADUME justifica un análisis de la actual normativa y la consideración de posibles modificaciones que permitan la incorporación de avances tecnológicos. Material y métodos: reuniones estructuradas siguiendo la metodología del grupo focal, con expertos en su mayoría médicos (91 %), mujeres (55 %) y especialistas hospitalarios en disciplinas relacionadas con la nutrición (73 %) de 8 hospitales y 6 comunidades autónomas. Previamente, los participantes recibieron 4 documentos resumen de diferentes aspectos técnicos de la regulación sobre ADUME en España. Se transcribió de forma anonimizada el audio de las reuniones y se codificó su contenido en 9 códigos: 1) problemática y regulación; 2) beneficios clínicos y evidencia de eficacia o efectividad; 3) indicaciones clínicas; 4) contexto internacional y comparaciones con otros países; 5) impacto presupuestario; 6) coste-efectividad; 7) riesgos y motivos para mantener la regulación actual; 8) propuestas de avance, factibilidad y aspectos que dificultan la implementación; y 9) otros temas. Resultados: los grupos señalaron la necesidad de modificar aspectos regulatorios relacionados con la exclusión de financiación de las fórmulas de densidad calórica superior a 2,1 kcal/ml, la exclusión de la financiación de los ADUME obtenidos total o parcialmente a partir de alimentos ordinarios, la preferencia por la alimentación por sonda y la exclusividad de la financiación de fórmulas completas para los ADUME que se empleen por vía oral como complemento de una ingesta insuficiente. Conclusiones: sobre la base del desarrollo tecnológico y la aplicación clínica de los ADUME en los últimos años, el SNS debería actualizar la regulación de la financiación de estos productos. La mayor parte de estos cambios no implican incremento del gasto si se mantienen las condiciones actuales en cuanto a indicaciones y precios máximos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background and objectives: the legislation currently regulating the inclusion of Food for Special Medical Purposes (FSMP) among the benefits of the National Health System (SNS) was made approximately 15 years ago. The evolution of the technical characteristics of the FSMP justifies an analysis of the current regulation and the consideration of possible regulatory modifications that would allow the incorporation of the progress achieved. Material and methods: four successive focus groups of experts, mostly doctors (91%), hospital specialists in disciplines related to nutrition (73%), from 8 different hospitals and 6 autonomous communities. Previously, 4 documents summarizing different technical aspects of the regulation on FSMP in Spain were sent to the participants. The audio of the meetings was transcribed anonymously and its content was codified. Results: the contents of the focus groups were grouped into 9 codes: 1) problems and regulation; 2) clinical benefits and evidence of efficacy or effectiveness; 3) clinical indications; 4) international context and comparisons with other countries; 5) budgetary impact; 6) cost-effectiveness; 7) risks and reasons for maintaining current regulation; 8) proposals for progress, feasibility and aspects that make implementation difficult; and 9) other issues. Conclusions: based on the technological development and clinical application of the FSMP carried out in recent years, an update of the regulation of these products can be proposed for financing by the National Health System in Spain. Most of these changes do not imply an increase in expenditure if current conditions regarding indications and maximum prices are maintained.

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          The methodology of Focus Groups: the importance of interaction between research participants.

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            Focus-group interview and data analysis

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              Older adults and patients in need of nutritional support: review of current treatment options and factors influencing nutritional intake.

              Many older adults and patients do not achieve sufficient nutritional intake to support their minimal needs and are at risk of, or are suffering from, (protein-energy) malnutrition. Better understanding of current treatment options and factors determining nutritional intake, may help design new strategies to solve this multifactorial problem. Medline, Science Citation Index, ScienceDirect and Google databases (until December 2008) were searched with the keywords malnutrition, elderly, older adults, food intake, energy density, variety, taste, satiety, and appetite. 37 Factors affecting nutritional intake were identified and divided in three categories; those related to the environment, the person, and the food. For older adults in nursing homes, encouragement by carers and an appropriate ambiance seem particularly important. Meal fortification, offering variety, providing frequent small meals, snacks and particularly Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) between meals are other possibilities for this group. Product factors that stimulate intake include palatability, high energy density, low volume, and liquid format. The current review gives a comprehensive overview of factors affecting nutritional intake and may help carers to improve nutritional intake in their patients. The product factors identified here suggest that especially small volume, energy and nutrient dense ONS can be effective to improve nutritional intake. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                December 2020
                : 37
                : 6
                : 1246-1280
                Affiliations
                [1] Valencia orgnameComunidad Valenciana orgdiv1Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica orgdiv2Área de Investigación en Servicios de Salud Spain
                [2] Madrid orgnameFundación Gaspar Casal Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112020000800023 S0212-1611(20)03700600023
                10.20960/nh.03082
                580fe91e-9522-4a6d-a1f6-e199521b20fe

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 July 2020
                : 13 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 35
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo Especial

                Regulation,Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS),Alimentos para usos medicos especiales (ADUME),Regulacion,Food for special medical purposes (FSMP),National Health System (NHS),Desnutricion relacionada con la enfermedad (DRE),Disease-related malnutrition (DRM)

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