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      MC-PPEA as a new and more potent inhibitor of CLP-induced sepsis and pulmonary inflammation than FK866

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          Abstract

          Our previous study indicated that overexpression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) aggravated acute lung injury, while knockdown of NAMPT expression attenuated ventilator-induced lung injury. Recently, we found that meta-carborane-butyl-3-(3-pyridinyl)-2E-propenamide (MC-PPEA, MC4), in which the benzoylpiperidine moiety of FK866 has been replaced by a carborane, displayed a 100-fold increase in NAMPT inhibition over FK866. Here, we determined the effects of MC4 and FK866 on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery-induced sepsis in C57BL/6J mice. MC4 showed stronger inhibitory effects than FK866 on CLP-induced mortality, serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) levels, pulmonary myeloperoxidase activity, alveolar injury, and interleukin 6 and interleukin1β messenger RNA levels. In vitro cell permeability and electric cell–substrate impedance sensing assays demonstrated that MC4 inhibited TNFα- and thrombin-mediated pulmonary endothelial cell permeability better than FK866. MC4 also exerted more potent effects than FK866, at concentrations as low as 0.3 nM, to attenuate TNFα-mediated intracellular cytokine expression, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its reduced form NADH levels, and nuclear factor kappa B p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in A549 cells. Our results strongly suggest that the newly developed MC4 is a more potent suppressor of CLP-induced pulmonary inflammation and sepsis than FK866, with potential clinical application as a new treatment agent for sepsis and inflammation.

          Most cited references38

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          Phosphorylation of NF-kappaB and IkappaB proteins: implications in cancer and inflammation.

          Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a transcription factor that has crucial roles in inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Activation of NF-kappaB mainly occurs via IkappaB kinase (IKK)-mediated phosphorylation of inhibitory molecules, including IkappaBalpha. Optimal induction of NF-kappaB target genes also requires phosphorylation of NF-kappaB proteins, such as p65, within their transactivation domain by a variety of kinases in response to distinct stimuli. Whether, and how, phosphorylation modulates the function of other NF-kappaB and IkappaB proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma 3, remains unclear. The identification and characterization of all the kinases known to phosphorylate NF-kappaB and IkappaB proteins are described here. Because deregulation of NF-kappaB and IkappaB phosphorylations is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer, newly designed drugs targeting these constitutively activated signalling pathways represent promising therapeutic tools.
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            Rapid increase in hospitalization and mortality rates for severe sepsis in the United States: a trend analysis from 1993 to 2003.

            To determine recent trends in rates of hospitalization, mortality, and hospital case fatality for severe sepsis in the United States. Trend analysis for the period from 1993 to 2003. U.S. community hospitals from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample that is a 20% stratified sample of all U.S. community hospitals. Subjects of any age with sepsis including severe sepsis who were hospitalized in the United States during the study period. None. Utilizing International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes for septicemia and major organ dysfunction, we identified 8,403,766 patients with sepsis, including 2,857,476 patients with severe sepsis, who were hospitalized in the United States from 1993 to 2003. The percentage of severe sepsis cases among all sepsis cases increased continuously from 25.6% in 1993 to 43.8% in 2003 (p < .001). Age-adjusted rate of hospitalization for severe sepsis grew from 66.8 +/- 0.16 to 132.0 +/- 0.21 per 100,000 population (p < .001). Age-adjusted, population-based mortality rate within these years increased from 30.3 +/- 0.11 to 49.7 +/- 0.13 per 100,000 population (p < .001), whereas hospital case fatality rate fell from 45.8% +/- 0.17% to 37.8% +/- 0.10% (p < .001). During each study year, the rates of hospitalization, mortality, and case fatality increased with age. Hospitalization and mortality rates in males exceeded those in females, but case fatality rate was greater in females. From 1993 to 2003, age-adjusted rates for severe sepsis hospitalization and mortality increased annually by 8.2% (p < .001) and 5.6% (p < .001), respectively, whereas case fatality rate decreased by 1.4% (p < .001). The rate of severe sepsis hospitalization almost doubled during the 11-yr period studied and is considerably greater than has been previously predicted. Mortality from severe sepsis also increased significantly. However, case fatality rates decreased during the same study period.
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              The NAD biosynthesis pathway mediated by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase regulates Sir2 activity in mammalian cells.

              Recent studies have revealed new roles for NAD and its derivatives in transcriptional regulation. The evolutionarily conserved Sir2 protein family requires NAD for its deacetylase activity and regulates a variety of biological processes, such as stress response, differentiation, metabolism, and aging. Despite its absolute requirement for NAD, the regulation of Sir2 function by NAD biosynthesis pathways is poorly understood in mammals. In this study, we determined the kinetics of the NAD biosynthesis mediated by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) and nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (Nmnat), and we examined its effects on the transcriptional regulatory function of the mouse Sir2 ortholog, Sir2alpha, in mouse fibroblasts. We found that Nampt was the rate-limiting component in this mammalian NAD biosynthesis pathway. Increased dosage of Nampt, but not Nmnat, increased the total cellular NAD level and enhanced the transcriptional regulatory activity of the catalytic domain of Sir2alpha recruited onto a reporter gene in mouse fibroblasts. Gene expression profiling with oligonucleotide microarrays also demonstrated a significant correlation between the expression profiles of Nampt- and Sir2alpha-overexpressing cells. These findings suggest that NAD biosynthesis mediated by Nampt regulates the function of Sir2alpha and thereby plays an important role in controlling various biological events in mammals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Dove Medical Press
                1177-8881
                2017
                03 March 2017
                : 11
                : 629-641
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine Kansas City
                [2 ]Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
                [3 ]Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine
                [4 ]Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Truman Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Shui Qing Ye, Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, 2401 Gilham Road, Kansas City, MO, USA, Tel +1 816 983 6500, Fax +1 816 983 6501, Email sqye@ 123456cmh.edu
                Article
                dddt-11-629
                10.2147/DDDT.S125349
                5344436
                581f0b61-97ab-43f7-a823-4d2fbb8e01bc
                © 2017 Huang et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Original Research

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                nampt,pulmonary inflammation,sepsis
                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                nampt, pulmonary inflammation, sepsis

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