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      Characterization and Comparison of the Structural Features, Immune-Modulatory and Anti-Avian Influenza Virus Activities Conferred by Three Algal Sulfated Polysaccharides

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          Abstract

          Three marine macroalgae, i.e., Grateloupia filicina, Ulva pertusa and Sargassum qingdaoense, were selected as the deputies of Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Ochrophyta for comparative analysis of the molecular structures and biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides (SP). The ratio of water-soluble polysaccharides, the monosaccharide composition and the sulfated contents of three extracted SPs were determined, and their structures were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. In addition, biological activity analysis showed that all three SPs had immune-modulatory activity both in vitro and in vivo, and SPs from S. qingdaoense had the best effect. Further bioassays showed that three SPs could not only enhance the immunity level stimulated by inactivated avian influenza virus (AIV) in vivo but also significantly inhibited the activity of activated AIV (H9N2 subtype) in vitro. G. filicina SP exhibited the strongest anti-AIV activity. These results revealed the variations in structural features and bioactivities among three SPs and indicated the potential adjuvants for immune-enhancement and anti-AIV.

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          Avian-to-human transmission of H9N2 subtype influenza A viruses: relationship between H9N2 and H5N1 human isolates.

          Y Lin, M. Shaw, V. GREGORY … (2000)
          In 1997, 18 cases of influenza in Hong Kong (bird flu) caused by a novel H5N1 (chicken) virus resulted in the deaths of six individuals and once again raised the specter of a potentially devastating influenza pandemic. Slaughter of the poultry in the live bird markets removed the source of infection and no further human cases of H5N1 infection have occurred. In March 1999, however, a new pandemic threat appeared when influenza A H9N2 viruses infected two children in Hong Kong. These two virus isolates are similar to an H9N2 virus isolated from a quail in Hong Kong in late 1997. Although differing in their surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase components, a notable feature of these H9N2 viruses is that the six genes encoding the internal components of the virus are similar to those of the 1997 H5N1 human and avian isolates. This common feature emphasizes the apparent propensity of avian viruses with this genetic complement to infect humans and highlights the potential for the emergence of a novel human pathogen.
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            Human infection with influenza H9N2.

            T. P. Ip, K Shortridge, W. Orr … (1999)
            We report the clinical features of two cases of human infection with influenza A virus subtype H9N2 in Hong Kong, and show that serum samples from blood donors in Hong Kong had neutralising antibody suggestive of prior infection with influenza H9N2.
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              (1→3)-β-d-Glucans as biological response modifiers: a review of structure-functional activity relationships

              John Bohn, James N. BeMiller (1995)
              Article 0 comments Cited 114 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Paola Laurienzo: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mar Drugs
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mar Drugs
                Journal ID (publisher-id): marinedrugs
                Title: Marine Drugs
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-3397
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 December 2015
                Publication date Collection: January 2016
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 4
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; lylinsong@ 123456hotmail.com (L.S.), wood9818@ 123456sina.com (L.H.), yueyang12@ 123456ucas.ac.cn (Y.Y.); lkc@ 123456qdio.ac.cn (K.L.)
                [2 ]University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
                [3 ]College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agriculture University, No.700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao 266109, China; lxdau86@ 123456163.com (X.L.); tsygy@ 123456whu.edu.cn (F.Z.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: chenxl@ 123456qdio.ac.cn (X.C.); pcli@ 123456qdio.ac.cn (P.L.); Tel.: +86-532-8289-8707 (X.C. & P.L.); Fax: +86-532-8289-8707 (X.C. & P.L.)
                Article
                Publisher ID: marinedrugs-14-00004
                DOI: 10.3390/md14010004
                PMC ID: 4728501
                PubMed ID: 26729137
                SO-VID: 581f76cb-5101-483d-92ab-2400ead14a92
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 09 October 2015
                Date accepted : 17 December 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: marine macroalgae,sulfated polysaccharides,structure features,immune enhancement,anti-aiv
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: marine macroalgae, sulfated polysaccharides, structure features, immune enhancement, anti-aiv

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