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      An Interdisciplinary Mixed-Methods Approach to Analyzing Urban Spaces: The Case of Urban Walkability and Bikeability

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          Abstract

          Human-centered approaches are of particular importance when analyzing urban spaces in technology-driven fields, because understanding how people perceive and react to their environments depends on several dynamic and static factors, such as traffic volume, noise, safety, urban configuration, and greenness. Analyzing and interpreting emotions against the background of environmental information can provide insights into the spatial and temporal properties of urban spaces and their influence on citizens, such as urban walkability and bikeability. In this study, we present a comprehensive mixed-methods approach to geospatial analysis that utilizes wearable sensor technology for emotion detection and combines information from sources that correct or complement each other. This includes objective data from wearable physiological sensors combined with an eDiary app, first-person perspective videos from a chest-mounted camera, and georeferenced interviews, and post-hoc surveys. Across two studies, we identified and geolocated pedestrians’ and cyclists’ moments of stress and relaxation in the city centers of Salzburg and Cologne. Despite open methodological questions, we conclude that mapping wearable sensor data, complemented with other sources of information—all of which are indispensable for evidence-based urban planning—offering tremendous potential for gaining useful insights into urban spaces and their impact on citizens.

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          Most cited references55

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          Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review

          Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity is viewed as a major component of the emotion response in many recent theories of emotion. Positions on the degree of specificity of ANS activation in emotion, however, greatly diverge, ranging from undifferentiated arousal, over acknowledgment of strong response idiosyncrasies, to highly specific predictions of autonomic response patterns for certain emotions. A review of 134 publications that report experimental investigations of emotional effects on peripheral physiological responding in healthy individuals suggests considerable ANS response specificity in emotion when considering subtypes of distinct emotions. The importance of sound terminology of investigated affective states as well as of choice of physiological measures in assessing ANS reactivity is discussed. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: the mobilization-minimization hypothesis.

            Negative (adverse or threatening) events evoke strong and rapid physiological, cognitive, emotional, and social responses. This mobilization of the organism is followed by physiological, cognitive, and behavioral responses that damp down, minimize, and even erase the impact of that event. This pattern of mobilization-minimization appears to be greater for negative events than for neutral or positive events. Theoretical accounts of this response pattern are reviewed. It is concluded that no single theoretical mechanism can explain the mobilization-minimization pattern, but that a family of integrated process models, encompassing different classes of responses, may account for this pattern of parallel but disparately caused effects.
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              Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements.

              This committee was appointed by the SPR Board to provide recommendations for publishing data on electrodermal activity (EDA). They are intended to be a stand-alone source for newcomers and experienced users. A short outline of principles for electrodermal measurement is given, and recommendations from an earlier report (Fowles et al., ) are incorporated. Three fundamental techniques of EDA recording are described: (1) endosomatic recording without the application of an external current, (2) exosomatic recording with direct current (the most widely applied methodology), and (3) exosomatic recording with alternating current-to date infrequently used but a promising future methodology. In addition to EDA recording in laboratories, ambulatory recording has become an emerging technique. Specific problems that come with this recording of EDA in the field are discussed, as are those emerging from recording EDA within a magnetic field (e.g., fMRI). Recommendations for the details that should be mentioned in publications of EDA methods and results are provided. Copyright © 2012 Society for Psychophysiological Research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                ijerph
                International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                MDPI
                1661-7827
                1660-4601
                24 September 2020
                October 2020
                : 17
                : 19
                : 6994
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Geoinformatics—Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; inga@ 123456deltami.de (I.P.); kalliopi.kyriakou@ 123456sbg.ac.at (K.K.); jakob.miksch@ 123456sbg.ac.at (J.M.)
                [2 ]Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
                [3 ]GESIS—Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; matthias.bluemke@ 123456gesis.org
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: bernd.resch@ 123456sbg.ac.at ; Tel.: +43-662-8044-7551
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-6926
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-7462
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9387-852X
                Article
                ijerph-17-06994
                10.3390/ijerph17196994
                7579167
                32987877
                586e7fda-6076-4898-9165-3825dc17402c
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 25 July 2020
                : 21 September 2020
                Categories
                Article

                Public health
                wearable physiological sensors,real-time perceptions,qualitative questionnaires,geospatial analysis,urban spaces,mixed-method approaches

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