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      Prevalence of Leptospira serogroups in buffaloes from the Brazilian Amazon

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          Abstract

          Although Brazil has one of the largest buffalo populations in the Americas, buffalo leptospirosis is still poorly explored when compared to that in bovines; thus, the aim of this research was to carry out a large serological study for leptospirosis in this species in the Brazilian Amazon. For this, we collected 1,405 serum samples from buffaloes raised in the Amazon delta region, which is considered a major area of buffalo production in Brazil. The test used was a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) adopting 34 Leptospira antigens, some of which have never been tested for buffaloes in Brazil, including autochthonous strains; in total, 20 serogroups were evaluated. From the total of 1,405 serum samples, 894 (63.6%) reacted in the MAT to at least one of the 20 serogroups, and 511 (36.4%) did not react. The serogroups Sejroe, Autumnalis and Pomona were the most prevalent, with titres ranging from 100 to 12,800, and the autochthonous strains used were not significant in relation to the reference serovars. Leptospirosis in buffaloes seems to have a serological profile similar to leptospirosis in cattle, mainly due to the prevalence of the Sejroe serogroup; however, the results of this study suggested that in the Brazilian Amazon, Leptospira strains that are serologically distinct from the autochthonous strains isolated in the southeastern region of Brazil may be circulating in these animals. Other serovars could also be inserted into the panel of antigens used in MAT for serological studies on buffaloes.

          Abstract

          Buffalo production in Brazil is one of the fastest growing activities, not just for food or employment but also as a cultural factor, mainly in Amazonia, which leads to close contact between these animals and humans. The serology performed revealed that in the Brazilian Amazon, leptospirosis was present in buffaloes and seemed to have a unique profile, especially due to the possible presence of leptospires that were serologically distinct from the leptospires isolated from other animals in Brazil. The results found in this study provided information about buffalo leptospirosis in Brazil, which is still poorly explored in the country compared to bovine leptospirosis.

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          Uma revisão geral sobre o clima da Amazônia

          Este trabalho busca apresentar, de uma maneira compacta, os principais resultados científicos já alcançados pela comunidade brasileira e mundial sobre pesquisas na Amazônia. Aborda-se o paleoclima da região, bem como as características atuais, em termos de temperatura do ar e da distribuição de chuvas. São discutidos os principais sistemas atmosféricos atuantes na região, tais como linhas de instabilidade, brisa fluvial, teleconexões com El-Niño, interação com sistemas frontais no sul do país, friagens, além da variabilidade do clima nas escalas interanuais e de longo-prazo. Tendo em vista as altas taxas de desmatamento em algumas partes da Amazônia, são discutidos as principais modificações microclimáticas e resultados obtidos por simulações numéricas devido à substituição de floresta tropical por áreas de pastagens. Finalizando, é apresentado um resumo dos vários experimentos micrometeorológicos que ocorreram na Amazônia nas últimas duas décadas.
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            Leptospirosis outbreak in Sri Lanka in 2008: lessons for assessing the global burden of disease.

            Global leptospirosis disease burden estimates are hampered by the lack of scientifically sound data from countries with probable high endemicity and limited diagnostic capacities. We describe the seroepidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the leptospirosis outbreak in 2008 in Sri Lanka. Definitive/presumptive case definitions proposed by the World Health Organization Leptospirosis Epidemiology Reference Group were used for case confirmation. Of the 404 possible cases, 155 were confirmed to have leptospirosis. Highest titers of patient seum samples reacted with serovars Pyrogenes (28.7%), Hardjo (18.8%), Javanica (11.5%), and Hebdomadis (11.5%). Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal DNA gene identified six infections: five with Leptospira interrogans and one with L. weilli. In this patient population, acute renal failure was the main complication (14.8%), followed by myocarditis (7.1%) and heart failure (3.9%). The case-fatality rate was 1.3%. This report strengthens the urgent need for increasing laboratory diagnostic capabilities to determine the causes of epidemic and endemic infectious diseases in Sri Lanka, a finding relevant to other tropical regions.
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              Sorovares de leptospiras predominantes em exames sorológicos de bubalinos, ovinos, caprinos, eqüinos, suínos e cães de diversos estados brasileiros

              Em estudo retrospectivo abrangendo os anos de 1984 a 1997, foram realizados 15.558 exames sorológicos para leptospirose (SAM, com coleção de 24 sorovares), que incluíram: 284 ovinos, 879 bubalinos, 983 cães, 1.941 caprinos, 2.903 eqüinos e 8.568 suínos, distribuídos percentualmente por estado da seguinte forma: ovinos - SP (100%); bubalinos - SP (100%); cães - SP (80,7%), RS (0,10%), SC (0,10%) e PI (19,0%); caprinos - SP (33,1%), PB (63,7%) e CE (3,2%); eqüinos - SP (79,3%), RS (9,98%), SC (0,62%), PR (2,5%), RJ (0,17%), MG (1,96%), MT (3,99%), PB (1,3%) e PI (0,03%); suínos - SP (61,91%), RS (0,3%), SC (5,95%), PR (3,67%), RJ (0,88%), MG (24,38%), GO (1,12%), SE (0,2%), PE (0,90%), CE (0,34%) e MA (0,1%). A distribuição temporal dos animais examinados incluiu: para a espécie ovina - 54,5% referentes aos anos 1996 e 97, 33,3% referentes a 89 e 90 e 12,2% aos outros anos; espécie bubalina - 21,7% no intervalo de 1984 a 95 e 78,83% entre 96 e 97; espécie canina - 16,91% entre 1984 e 92 e 83,09% entre 1993 e 97; caprinos - 6,97% entre 1984 e 91 e 93,09% entre 1992 e 97, sendo que 49% das amostras foram referentes ao ano de 1992; eqüinos - 18,1% no intervalo de 84 a 90 e 81,9% de1991 a 97; suínos - 61,16% referentes aos anos 90, 91, 95 e 96. As médias de animais reatores e variantes mais freqüentes por espécie foram: ovinos - 0,70% de soropositividade e reações mais freqüentes para a variante icterohaemorrhagiae; bubalinos - 43,7% de positivos e variantes hardjo seguida de pomona; cães - soropositividade de 17,7% e reações para as variantes copenhageni e icterohaemorrhagiae no estado de SP e pyrogenes no PI; caprinos - 4,17% de positividade e variantes icterohaemorrhagiae e grippotyphosa no CE, icterohaemorrhagiae na PB e pyrogenes em SP; eqüinos - 29% de soros positivos e variantes icterohaemorrhagiae no PR, SC, SP, RJ e MG, grippotyphosa no MT, pyrogenes na PB e patoc no RS; suínos - soropositividade de 24,46% e grippotyphosa seguida de icterohaemorrhagiae em MG, pomona no RS, pomona e icterohaemorrhagiae em PE e RJ, autumnalis no CE e icterohaemorrhagiae em GO, PR, SC e SP.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                marcosbryan@usp.br
                Journal
                Vet Med Sci
                Vet Med Sci
                10.1002/(ISSN)2053-1095
                VMS3
                Veterinary Medicine and Science
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2053-1095
                21 April 2020
                August 2020
                : 6
                : 3 ( doiID: 10.1002/vms3.v6.3 )
                : 433-440
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
                [ 2 ] Médico Veterinário Auditor Fiscal Agropecuário Agência de Defesa e Inspeção Agropecuária do Estado do Amapá Brazil
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Marcos B. Heinemann. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marque de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira, São Paulo‐ SP, Brazil.

                Email: marcosbryan@ 123456usp.br

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9843-1452
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4604-6034
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1468-658X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4728-1228
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6444-9788
                Article
                VMS3271
                10.1002/vms3.271
                7397922
                32319231
                5876fdd2-f7f0-4442-86bc-521d053182ac
                © 2020 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 13 August 2019
                : 17 February 2020
                : 23 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Pages: 8, Words: 6412
                Funding
                Funded by: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100003593;
                Award ID: 420110/2018‐6
                Funded by: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100002322;
                Award ID: 001
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                August 2020
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.6 mode:remove_FC converted:03.08.2020

                amazonia,brazil,buffalo,leptospira,mat
                amazonia, brazil, buffalo, leptospira, mat

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