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      High variability between regional histories of long-term atmospheric Pb pollution

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          Abstract

          The advent of metal processing was one of the key technological evolutions presaging the development of modern society. However, the interplay between metal use and the long-term changes it induced in the development and functioning of past societies remains unclear. We present a compilation of global records of anthropogenic atmospheric lead (Pb) spanning the last 4000 years, an effective indirect proxy for reliably assessing Pb emissions directly linked to human activities. Separating this global Pb pollution signal into regionally representative clusters allows identification of regional differences in pollution output that reflect technological innovations, market demands, or demise of various human cultures for last 4000 years. Our European reconstruction traces well periods of intensive metal production such as the Roman and Medieval periods, in contrast to clusters from the Americas, which show low levels of atmospheric Pb until the Industrial Revolution. Further investigation of the European synthesis results displays clear regional variation in the timing and extent of past development of polluting activities. This indicates the challenges of using individual reconstructions to infer regional or global development in Pb output and related pollution.

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          Most cited references52

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          IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP

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            The composition of the continental crust

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              SHCal13 Southern Hemisphere Calibration, 0–50,000 Years cal BP

              The Southern Hemisphere SHCal04 radiocarbon calibration curve has been updated with the addition of new data sets extending measurements to 2145 cal BP and including the ANSTO Younger Dryas Huon pine data set. Outside the range of measured data, the curve is based upon the ern Hemisphere data sets as presented in IntCal13, with an interhemispheric offset averaging 43 ± 23 yr modeled by an autoregressive process to represent the short-term correlations in the offset.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jack.longman@uni-oldenburg.de
                daniel.veres@ubbcluj.ro
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                1 December 2020
                1 December 2020
                2020
                : 10
                : 20890
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.5560.6, ISNI 0000 0001 1009 3608, Marine Isotope Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), , University of Oldenburg, ; 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.4991.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, School of Geography and the Environment, , University of Oxford, ; South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
                [3 ]GRID grid.42629.3b, ISNI 0000000121965555, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, , Northumbria University, ; Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
                [4 ]GRID grid.418333.e, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1389, Institute of Speleology, , Romanian Academy, ; Clinicilor 5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
                [5 ]GRID grid.4444.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2112 9282, EDYTEM, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, ; Le Bourget du Lac, France
                Article
                77773
                10.1038/s41598-020-77773-w
                7708465
                33262534
                58bbba0e-b99c-4bb4-ad09-c44cbe831b79
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 5 August 2020
                : 13 November 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100006476, Academia Româna;
                Award ID: PN-II-ID-PCE-2012-4-0530
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Projekt DEAL
                Categories
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                © The Author(s) 2020

                Uncategorized
                environmental chemistry,environmental impact
                Uncategorized
                environmental chemistry, environmental impact

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