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      A trace fossil made by a walking crayfish or crayfish-like arthropod from the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation of southwestern Utah, USA

      research-article
      1 , 2 , , 3
      PeerJ
      PeerJ Inc.
      Ichnology, Arthropod, Crayfish, Trace fossil, Moenave, Utah, Siskemia, Early Jurassic

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          Abstract

          New invertebrate trace fossils from the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm (SGDS) continue to expand the ichnofauna at the site. A previously unstudied arthropod locomotory trace, SGDS 1290, comprises two widely spaced, thick, gently undulating paramedial impressions flanked externally by small, tapered to elongate tracks with a staggered to alternating arrangement. The specimen is not a variant of any existing ichnospecies, but bears a striking resemblance to modern, experimentally generated crayfish walking traces, suggesting a crayfish or crayfish-like maker for the fossil. Because of its uniqueness, we place it in a new ichnospecies, Siskemia eurypyge. It is the first fossil crayfish or crayfish-like locomotion trace ever recorded.

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          Using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy to analyze biological materials.

          IR spectroscopy is an excellent method for biological analyses. It enables the nonperturbative, label-free extraction of biochemical information and images toward diagnosis and the assessment of cell functionality. Although not strictly microscopy in the conventional sense, it allows the construction of images of tissue or cell architecture by the passing of spectral data through a variety of computational algorithms. Because such images are constructed from fingerprint spectra, the notion is that they can be an objective reflection of the underlying health status of the analyzed sample. One of the major difficulties in the field has been determining a consensus on spectral pre-processing and data analysis. This manuscript brings together as coauthors some of the leaders in this field to allow the standardization of methods and procedures for adapting a multistage approach to a methodology that can be applied to a variety of cell biological questions or used within a clinical setting for disease screening or diagnosis. We describe a protocol for collecting IR spectra and images from biological samples (e.g., fixed cytology and tissue sections, live cells or biofluids) that assesses the instrumental options available, appropriate sample preparation, different sampling modes as well as important advances in spectral data acquisition. After acquisition, data processing consists of a sequence of steps including quality control, spectral pre-processing, feature extraction and classification of the supervised or unsupervised type. A typical experiment can be completed and analyzed within hours. Example results are presented on the use of IR spectra combined with multivariate data processing.
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            Names for trace fossils: a uniform approach

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              Model-based multi-locus estimation of decapod phylogeny and divergence times.

              Phylogenetic relationships among all of the major decapod infraorders have never been estimated using molecular data, while morphological studies produce conflicting results. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationships among the decapod basal suborder Dendrobranchiata and all of the currently recognized decapod infraorders within the suborder Pleocyemata (Caridea, Stenopodidea, Achelata, Astacidea, Thalassinidea, Anomala, and Brachyura) were inferred using 16S mtDNA, 18S and 28S rRNA, and the histone H3 gene. Phylogenies were reconstructed using the model-based methods of maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods coupled with Markov Chain Monte Carlo inference. The phylogenies revealed that the seven infraorders are monophyletic, with high clade support values (bp>70; pP>0.95) under both methods. The two suborders also were recovered as monophyletic, but with weaker support (bp=70; pP=0.74). Although the nodal support values for infraordinal relationships were low (bp<50; pP<0.77) the Anomala and Brachyura were basal to the rest of the 'Reptantia' in both reconstructions and using Bayesian tree topology tests alternate morphology-based hypotheses were rejected (P<0.01). Newly developed multi-locus Bayesian and likelihood heuristic rate-smoothing methods to estimate divergence times were compared using eight fossil and geological calibrations. Estimated times revealed that the Decapoda originated earlier than 437MYA and that the radiation within the group occurred rapidly, with all of the major lineages present by 325MYA. Node time estimation under both approaches is severely affected by the number and phylogenetic distribution of the fossil calibrations chosen. For analyses incorporating fossils as fixed ages, more consistent results were obtained by using both shallow and deep or clade-related calibration points. Divergence time estimation using fossils as lower and upper limits performed well with as few as one upper limit and a single deep fossil lower limit calibration.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )
                2167-8359
                26 January 2021
                2021
                : 9
                : e10640
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biology, Dixie State University , St. George, UT, USA
                [2 ]Department of Physical Sciences, Dixie State University , St. George, UT, USA
                [3 ]St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm , St. George, UT, USA
                Article
                10640
                10.7717/peerj.10640
                7845529
                58c86313-c4e0-4c58-b05d-ca835a0328f8
                © 2021 Rose et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                : 9 September 2020
                : 2 December 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Both the Biology Department and Student Government of Dixie State University
                Both the Biology Department and Student Government of Dixie State University provided funding that subsidized this research and its publication. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Animal Behavior
                Evolutionary Studies
                Paleontology
                Taxonomy
                Zoology

                ichnology,arthropod,crayfish,trace fossil,moenave,utah,siskemia,early jurassic

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