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      TRY – a global database of plant traits

      research-article
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      Global Change Biology
      Blackwell Publishing Ltd
      comparative ecology, database, environmental gradient, functional diversity, global analysis, global change, interspecific variation, intraspecific variation, plant attribute, plant functional type, plant trait, vegetation model

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          Abstract

          Plant traits – the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants and their organs – determine how primary producers respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, influence ecosystem processes and services and provide a link from species richness to ecosystem functional diversity. Trait data thus represent the raw material for a wide range of research from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology to biogeography. Here we present the global database initiative named TRY, which has united a wide range of the plant trait research community worldwide and gained an unprecedented buy-in of trait data: so far 93 trait databases have been contributed. The data repository currently contains almost three million trait entries for 69 000 out of the world's 300 000 plant species, with a focus on 52 groups of traits characterizing the vegetative and regeneration stages of the plant life cycle, including growth, dispersal, establishment and persistence. A first data analysis shows that most plant traits are approximately log-normally distributed, with widely differing ranges of variation across traits. Most trait variation is between species (interspecific), but significant intraspecific variation is also documented, up to 40% of the overall variation. Plant functional types (PFTs), as commonly used in vegetation models, capture a substantial fraction of the observed variation – but for several traits most variation occurs within PFTs, up to 75% of the overall variation. In the context of vegetation models these traits would better be represented by state variables rather than fixed parameter values. The improved availability of plant trait data in the unified global database is expected to support a paradigm shift from species to trait-based ecology, offer new opportunities for synthetic plant trait research and enable a more realistic and empirically grounded representation of terrestrial vegetation in Earth system models.

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          A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C 3 species.

          Various aspects of the biochemistry of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C3 plants are integrated into a form compatible with studies of gas exchange in leaves. These aspects include the kinetic properties of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase; the requirements of the photosynthetic carbon reduction and photorespiratory carbon oxidation cycles for reduced pyridine nucleotides; the dependence of electron transport on photon flux and the presence of a temperature dependent upper limit to electron transport. The measurements of gas exchange with which the model outputs may be compared include those of the temperature and partial pressure of CO2(p(CO2)) dependencies of quantum yield, the variation of compensation point with temperature and partial pressure of O2(p(O2)), the dependence of net CO2 assimilation rate on p(CO2) and irradiance, and the influence of p(CO2) and irradiance on the temperature dependence of assimilation rate.
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            Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits.

            There is considerable debate about whether community ecology will ever produce general principles. We suggest here that this can be achieved but that community ecology has lost its way by focusing on pairwise species interactions independent of the environment. We assert that community ecology should return to an emphasis on four themes that are tied together by a two-step process: how the fundamental niche is governed by functional traits within the context of abiotic environmental gradients; and how the interaction between traits and fundamental niches maps onto the realized niche in the context of a biotic interaction milieu. We suggest this approach can create a more quantitative and predictive science that can more readily address issues of global change.
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              Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum.

              Wood performs several essential functions in plants, including mechanically supporting aboveground tissue, storing water and other resources, and transporting sap. Woody tissues are likely to face physiological, structural and defensive trade-offs. How a plant optimizes among these competing functions can have major ecological implications, which have been under-appreciated by ecologists compared to the focus they have given to leaf function. To draw together our current understanding of wood function, we identify and collate data on the major wood functional traits, including the largest wood density database to date (8412 taxa), mechanical strength measures and anatomical features, as well as clade-specific features such as secondary chemistry. We then show how wood traits are related to one another, highlighting functional trade-offs, and to ecological and demographic plant features (growth form, growth rate, latitude, ecological setting). We suggest that, similar to the manifold that tree species leaf traits cluster around the 'leaf economics spectrum', a similar 'wood economics spectrum' may be defined. We then discuss the biogeography, evolution and biogeochemistry of the spectrum, and conclude by pointing out the major gaps in our current knowledge of wood functional traits.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Glob Chang Biol
                Glob Chang Biol
                gcb
                Global Change Biology
                Blackwell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                1354-1013
                1365-2486
                September 2011
                : 17
                : 9
                : 2905-2935
                Affiliations
                [* ]Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry 07745 Jena, Germany
                []Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
                []Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS, 38041 Grenoble, France
                [§ ]Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
                []Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud 91495 Paris, France
                [| ]Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS 34293 Montpellier, France
                [** ]Department of Forest Resources and Institute of the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN 55108, USA
                [†† ]Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney Richmond NSW 2753 Australia
                [‡‡ ]Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [§§ ]Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
                [¶¶ ]Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
                [|| ]School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ontario, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Canada
                [*** ]Research School of Biology, Australian National University Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
                [††† ]Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
                [‡‡‡ ]School of Geography, University of Leeds LS2 9JT West Yorkshire, UK
                [§§§ ]Department of Environmental Science & Atmospheric Science Center, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
                [¶¶¶ ]Centre for Life Sciences, University of Groningen 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
                [||| ]Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brasil
                [**** ]Department of Botany, University of Cape Town 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa
                [†††† ]School of Biological Science, University of Wollongong 2522 Wollongong, NSW, Australia
                [‡‡‡‡ ]Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, NJ 07102, USA
                [§§§§ ]Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education (CATIE) 93-7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica
                [¶¶¶¶ ]Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN 55108, USA
                [|||| ]Climate Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
                [***** ]Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
                [††††† ]Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS Toulouse, France
                [‡‡‡‡‡ ]Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge CB3 2EA Cambridge, UK
                [§§§§§ ]Division of Biology, Kansas State University KS 66506 Manhattan, USA
                [¶¶¶¶¶ ]Departamento de Ecologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000 Porto Alegre, Brazil
                [||||| ]Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research 06120 Halle, Germany
                [****** ]School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
                [†††††† ]Institute for Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University 35392 Giessen, Germany
                [‡‡‡‡‡‡ ]Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Barcelona, Spain
                [§§§§§§ ]Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742, USA
                [¶¶¶¶¶¶ ]Department of Ecology, University of Peking 100871 Beijing, China
                [|||||| ]Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad del Tolima Tolima, Colombia
                [******* ]Department of Ecology, Universidade de São Paulo 05508900 São Paulo, Brazil
                [††††††† ]PVBMT, Université de la Réunion 97410 Saint Pierre, France
                [‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ]Department of Biology, University of York Bath, UK
                [§§§§§§§ ]Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University MA 02138, USA
                [¶¶¶¶¶¶¶ ]Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research 04318 Leipzig, Germany
                [||||||| ]LOEWE Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
                [******** ]Institut für Physische Geographie, Goethe-University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
                [†††††††† ]Department of Botany, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
                [‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ]Department of Botany, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Tehran, Iran
                [§§§§§§§§ ]Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University 89081 Ulm, Germany
                [¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶ ]Department of Plant Biology, State University of Campinas CP 6109 Campinas, Brazil
                [|||||||| ]Departments for Biology and Mathematics, Kenyon College Gambier, OH 43022, USA
                [********* ]Herbarium, Library Art and Archives The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE London, UK
                [††††††††† ]Department of Biology, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
                [‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ]Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
                [§§§§§§§§§ ]School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA
                [¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶ ]Vegetation and Landscape Ecology Alterra, 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [||||||||| ]Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
                [********** ]School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
                [†††††††††† ]Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA
                [‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ]The Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
                [§§§§§§§§§§ ]James Cook University Qld 4870 Cairns, Australia
                [¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶ ]Grassland Ecosystem Research, INRA 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
                [|||||||||| ]Department of Environmental Science, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
                [*********** ]School of Agriculture, Newcastle University NE1 7RU Newcastle, UK
                [††††††††††† ]School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University New South Wales 2031 Sydney, NSW, Australia
                [‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ]Institute for Special Botany and Functional Biodiversity, University of Leipzig 04103 Leipzig, Germany
                [§§§§§§§§§§§ ]Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University NY, USA
                [¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶ ]Department of Plant Physiology, Estonian University of Life Sciences 51014 Tartu, Estonia
                [||||||||||| ]Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences 62-035 Kornik, Poland
                [************ ]Department of Geobotany, Moscow State University 119991 Moscow, Russia
                [†††††††††††† ]Department Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University 812-8581 Fukuoka, Japan
                [‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ]Law and Governance Group, Wageningen University 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [§§§§§§§§§§§§ ]Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
                [¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶ ]Centre for Ecosystem Studies Alterra, 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [|||||||||||| ]Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación, Spanish National Research Council 46113 Valencia, Spain
                [************* ]Plant Sciences Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
                [††††††††††††† ]Center for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ]Institute of Botany, University of Regensburg 93040 Regensburg, Germany
                [§§§§§§§§§§§§§ ]Laboratoire Ecobio, Université de Rennes 35042 Rennes, France
                [¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶ ]Biologie Systémique de la Conservation, Université du Québec Trois-Rivières, Canada
                [||||||||||||| ]Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research 14412 Potsdam, Germany
                [************** ]Biosystems Division, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
                [†††††††††††††† ]Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
                [‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ]Center for Sustainability Science, Hokkaido University 060-080 Sapporo, Japan
                [§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ ]Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke Québec Sherbrooke, Canada
                [¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶ ]Department of Biology, Syracuse University New York, NY 13244, USA
                [|||||||||||||| ]Laboratory of Environmental Planning, Embrapa Temperate Agriculture 96010-971 Pelotas, Brazil
                [*************** ]Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
                [††††††††††††††† ]Department of Plant Biology & Ecology, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
                [‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ]Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield S10 2TN Sheffield, UK
                [§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ ]Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
                [¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶ ]Department of Geography, Leicester University LE1 7RH Leicester, UK
                [||||||||||||||| ]Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University Logan, UT 84322-5210, USA
                [**************** ]Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 0843-03092 Balboa, Republic of Panama
                [†††††††††††††††† ]Laboratoire Ecobio Université de Rennes CNRS, 35042 Rennes, France
                [‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ ]Department of Biology, University of Missouri St. Louis, MO 63121-4400, USA
                Author notes
                Jens Kattge, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Straβe 10, 07745 Jena, Germany, tel. +49 3641 576226, e-mail: jkattge@ 123456bgc-jena.mpg.de
                Article
                10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x
                3627314
                3627314
                58f5c76f-7046-4ba8-bbc7-24be80b3cf04
                © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

                Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Creative Commons Deed, Attribution 2.5, which does not permit commercial exploitation.

                History
                : 11 January 2011
                : 24 February 2011
                Categories
                Original Articles

                comparative ecology,database,environmental gradient,functional diversity,global analysis,global change,interspecific variation,intraspecific variation,plant attribute,plant functional type,plant trait,vegetation model

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