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      The continual threat of influenza virus infections at the human–animal interface : What is new from a one health perspective?

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          Abstract

          This year, in 2018, we mark 100 years since the 1918 influenza pandemic. In the last 100 years, we have expanded our knowledge of public health and increased our ability to detect and prevent influenza; however, we still face challenges resulting from these continually evolving viruses. Today, it is clear that influenza viruses have multiple animal reservoirs (domestic and wild), making infection prevention in humans especially difficult to achieve. With this report, we summarize new knowledge regarding influenza A, B, C and D viruses and their control. We also introduce how a multi-disciplinary One Health approach is necessary to mitigate these threats.

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          Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic.

          The influenza pandemic of 1918-20 is recognized as having generally taken place in three waves, starting in the northern spring and summer of 1918. This pattern of three waves, however, was not universal: in some locations influenza seems to have persisted into or returned in 1920. The recorded statistics of influenza morbidity and mortality are likely to be a significant understatement. Limitations of these data can include nonregistration, missing records, misdiagnosis, and nonmedical certification, and may also vary greatly between locations. Further research has seen the consistent upward revision of the estimated global mortality of the pandemic, which a 1920s calculation put in the vicinity of 21.5 million. A 1991 paper revised the mortality as being in the range 24.7-39.3 million. This paper suggests that it was of the order of 50 million. However, it must be acknowledged that even this vast figure may be substantially lower than the real toll, perhaps as much as 100 percent understated.
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            Seasonal influenza in adults and children--diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

            Guidelines for the treatment of persons with influenza virus infection were prepared by an Expert Panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The evidence-based guidelines encompass diagnostic issues, treatment and chemoprophylaxis with antiviral medications, and issues related to institutional outbreak management for seasonal (interpandemic) influenza. They are intended for use by physicians in all medical specialties with direct patient care, because influenza virus infection is common in communities during influenza season and may be encountered by practitioners caring for a wide variety of patients.
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              Estimates of deaths associated with seasonal influenza --- United States, 1976-2007.

              David Shay (2010)
              Influenza infections are associated with thousands of deaths every year in the United States, with the majority of deaths from seasonal influenza occurring among adults aged >or=65 years. For several decades, CDC has made annual estimates of influenza-associated deaths, which have been used in influenza research and to develop influenza control and prevention policy. To update previously published estimates of the numbers and rates of influenza-associated deaths during 1976-2003 by adding four influenza seasons through 2006-07, CDC used statistical models with data from death certificate reports. National mortality data for two categories of underlying cause of death codes, pneumonia and influenza causes and respiratory and circulatory causes, were used in regression models to estimate lower and upper bounds for the number of influenza-associated deaths. Estimates by seasonal influenza virus type and subtype were examined to determine any association between virus type and subtype and the number of deaths in a season. This report summarizes the results of these analyses, which found that, during 1976-2007, estimates of annual influenza-associated deaths from respiratory and circulatory causes (including pneumonia and influenza causes) ranged from 3,349 in 1986-87 to 48,614 in 2003-04. The annual rate of influenza-associated death in the United States overall during this period ranged from 1.4 to 16.7 deaths per 100,000 persons. The findings also indicated the wide variation in the estimated number of deaths from season to season was closely related to the particular influenza virus types and subtypes in circulation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Evol Med Public Health
                Evol Med Public Health
                emph
                Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health
                Oxford University Press
                2050-6201
                2018
                07 September 2018
                07 September 2018
                : 2018
                : 1
                : 192-198
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
                [2 ]Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
                [3 ]School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
                [4 ]Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
                [5 ]Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
                Author notes
                Corresponding author. DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710. Tel: 919-684-0337; E-mail: emily.bailey2@ 123456duke.edu
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1292-0771
                Article
                eoy013
                10.1093/emph/eoy013
                6128238
                30210800
                58fc95c2-5c68-40a5-b893-cbfbdf6c4263
                © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Foundation for Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 04 April 2018
                : 18 May 2018
                Page count
                Pages: 7
                Funding
                Funded by: NIH/NIAID
                Award ID: R01AI108993-01A1
                Categories
                Review

                influenza,one health,emerging viruses,zoonoses
                influenza, one health, emerging viruses, zoonoses

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