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      Effects of exercise on irisin in subjects with overweight or obesity. A systematic review of clinical studies Translated title: Efectos del ejercicio sobre la irisina en personas con sobrepeso u obesidad. Una revisión sistemática de estudios clínicos

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          Abstract

          Abstract Irisin is an adipomyokine involved in white adipose tissue browning, therefore, could be a key protein in metabolic health. However, exercise effects on irisin in subjects with overweight and/or obesity are conflicting. Therefore, this systematic review aims to search and analyse the literature available on this topic. From three databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Medline, clinical studies published between 2010 and 2021 were considered. From 134 found, 14 studies were included. Only six reported plasma increases after exercise (~1.2 to 3-fold from pre-exercise levels). In addition, only 1 reported significant increases in skeletal muscle irisin mRNA levels (~2-fold). Also, irisin was measured from subcutaneous adipose tissue and saliva, where a ~2-fold increase in its protein levels was found in the latter. Exercise seems to increase the circulatory concentrations of irisin in subjects with overweight or obesity. However, this response is highly variable, therefore, a more integrative approach is urgently needed.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen La irisina es una adipomioquina relacionada a la transformación del tejido adiposo blanco a marrón, por tanto, podría ser una proteína clave para la salud metabólica. Sin embargo, los efectos del ejercicio sobre la irisina en personas con sobrepeso u obesidad son poco claros. Por lo anterior, esta revisión sistemática apunta a buscar y analizar la literatura disponible en este tema. Desde tres bases de datos: PubMed, ScienceDirect y Medline se buscaron estudios clínicos publicados entre el 2010 y 2021. De 134 estudios encontrados, 14 fueron incluidos. Solo 6 reportaron incrementos plasmáticos de irisina después del ejercicio (~1.2 a 3-veces respecto a niveles preejercicio). Además, solo 1 estudio describió incrementos significativos en el ARNm de irisina en el músculo esquelético (~2 veces sobre niveles preejercicio). La irisina también se medió desde tejido adiposo subcutáneo y saliva, encontrándose una elevación de (~2 veces sobre niveles preejercicio) en esta última. El ejercicio físico incrementaría las concentraciones circulatorias de irisina en personas con sobrepeso u obesidad. Sin embargo, esta respuesta es muy variable, por lo que se requiere una mirada más integrativa a la hora de estudiar este fenómeno.

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          Most cited references32

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          The Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity: Fat Mass, Body Fat Distribution, and Adipose Tissue Function

          The current obesity epidemic poses a major public health issue since obesity predisposes towards several chronic diseases. BMI and total adiposity are positively correlated with cardiometabolic disease risk at the population level. However, body fat distribution and an impaired adipose tissue function, rather than total fat mass, better predict insulin resistance and related complications at the individual level. Adipose tissue dysfunction is determined by an impaired adipose tissue expandability, adipocyte hypertrophy, altered lipid metabolism, and local inflammation. Recent human studies suggest that adipose tissue oxygenation may be a key factor herein. A subgroup of obese individuals - the ‘metabolically healthy obese' (MHO) - have a better adipose tissue function, less ectopic fat storage, and are more insulin sensitive than obese metabolically unhealthy persons, emphasizing the central role of adipose tissue function in metabolic health. However, controversy has surrounded the idea that metabolically healthy obesity may be considered really healthy since MHO individuals are at increased (cardio)metabolic disease risk and may have a lower quality of life than normal weight subjects due to other comorbidities. Detailed metabolic phenotyping of obese persons will be invaluable in understanding the pathophysiology of metabolic disturbances, and is needed to identify high-risk individuals or subgroups, thereby paving the way for optimization of prevention and treatment strategies to combat cardiometabolic diseases.
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            Irisin: A Hope in Understanding and Managing Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

            White adipose tissue (WAT) is an endocrine organ highly integrated in homeostasis and capable of establishing ways of communicating and influencing multiple metabolic processes. Brown adipose tissue promotes energy expenditure by incorporating the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), also known as thermogenin, which decouples cellular respiration and heat production, in the mitochondrial membranes. Recent data suggest the presence of a thermogenic cell formation from white adipocytes (beige or brite cells) with a potential role in preventing obesity and metabolic syndrome. The formation of these cells is influenced by physical exertion that induces expression of PPARγ coactivator-1 (PGC1) and downstream membrane protein, fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in skeletal muscle. Irisin, a thermogenic adipomyokine produced by FNDC5 cleavage is involved in the browning of adipose tissue. While animal studies are congruent with regard to the relationship between physical exertion and irisin release, the results from human studies are less than clear. Therefore, this review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of muscle and adipose tissue thermogenesis. Further, it describes the molecular mechanisms by which irisin impacts exercise, glucose homeostasis and obesity. Finally, the review discusses current gaps and controversies related to irisin release, its mode of action and its future potential as a therapeutic tool in managing obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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              Irisin and exercise training in humans – Results from a randomized controlled training trial

              Background The recent discovery of a new myokine (irisin) potentially involved in health-related training effects has gained great attention, but evidence for a training-induced increase in irisin remains preliminary. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether irisin concentration is increased after regular exercise training in humans. Methods In a randomized controlled design, two guideline conforming training interventions were studied. Inclusion criteria were age 30 to 60 years, <1 hour/week regular activity, non-smoker, and absence of major diseases. 102 participants could be included in the analysis. Subjects in the training groups exercised 3 times per week for 26 weeks. The minimum compliance was defined at 70%. Aerobic endurance training (AET) consisted of 45 minutes of walking/running at 60% heart rate reserve. Strength endurance training (SET) consisted of 8 machine-based exercises (2 sets of 15 repetitions with 100% of the 20 repetition maximum). Serum irisin concentrations in frozen serum samples were determined in a single blinded measurement immediately after the end of the training study. Physical performance provided positive control for the overall efficacy of training. Differences between groups were tested for significance using analysis of variance. For post hoc comparisons with the control group, Dunnett’s test was used. Results Maximum performance increased significantly in the training groups compared with controls (controls: ±0.0 ± 0.7 km/h; AET: 1.1 ± 0.6 km/h, P < 0.01; SET: +0.5 ± 0.7 km/h, P = 0.01). Changes in irisin did not differ between groups (controls: 101 ± 81 ng/ml; AET: 44 ± 93 ng/ml; SET: 60 ± 92 ng/ml; in both cases: P = 0.99 (one-tailed testing), 1−β error probability = 0.7). The general upward trend was mainly accounted for by a negative association of irisin concentration with the storage duration of frozen serum samples (P < 0.01, β = −0.33). After arithmetically eliminating this confounder, the differences between groups remained non-significant. Conclusions A training-induced increase in circulating irisin could not be confirmed, calling into question its proposed involvement in health-related training effects. Because frozen samples are prone to irisin degradation over time, positive results from uncontrolled trials might exclusively reflect the longer storage of samples from initial tests. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCT01263522.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                December 2022
                : 39
                : 6
                : 1389-1396
                Affiliations
                [4] Valdivia Los Ríos orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Institute of Anatomy orgdiv2Laboratory of Cellular Pathology Chile
                [6] Valdivia Los Ríos orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine orgdiv2Locomotor Apparatus and Rehabilitation Institute Chile
                [5] Valdivia orgnameCentro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe) Chile
                [2] Valdivia Los Ríos orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Institute of Anatomy orgdiv2Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology Chile
                [7] Valdivia Los Ríos orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine orgdiv2Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Function Laboratory - Neyün Chile
                [3] Valdivia Los Ríos orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine orgdiv2Institute of Dentistry Chile
                [1] Valdivia Los Ríos orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine orgdiv2School of Physical Therapy Chile
                Article
                S0212-16112022001000023 S0212-1611(22)03900600023
                10.20960/nh.04202
                36327126
                590f08a5-b5d4-4584-addd-0e524ad4a487

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 May 2022
                : 25 April 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Reviews

                Exercise,Obesidad,Sobrepeso,FNDC5,Proteína 5 que contiene el dominio de fibronectina tipo III,Ejercicio,Obesity,Overweight,Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5

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