A new large canopy-dwelling species of  Phyllodytes  Wagler, 1930 (Anura, Hylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil

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Abstract

The known diversity of treefrogs of the genus Phyllodytes has rapidly increased in recent years, currently comprising 14 species. Recent field work in the Atlantic Rainforest of the state of Bahia lead to the discovery of a new large species of Phyllodytes which is herein described based on multiple evidence including morphological, acoustical and genetic data. Phyllodytes sp. nov. is one of the largest species within the genus and presents immaculate yellowish dorsum and limbs. The advertisement call of the species is composed of 7–31 notes (half pulsed/pulsatile-half harmonic) with frequency-modulated harmonics. Phyllodytes sp. nov. has a karyotype of 2 n = 22 chromosomes, as also found in other species of the genus. Genetic distance values of the 16S mitochondrial rRNA among Phyllodytes sp. nov. and its congeners range between 6.4 to 10.2%. The description of another new species for this state reinforces the need for further taxonomic work with Phyllodytes in this region that has been revealed as a priority area for research and conservation of this genus.

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Most cited references 56

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MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0.

Koichiro Tamura, Glen Stecher, Daniel Walter Peterson … (2013)

We announce the release of an advanced version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, which currently contains facilities for building sequence alignments, inferring phylogenetic histories, and conducting molecular evolutionary analysis. In version 6.0, MEGA now enables the inference of timetrees, as it implements the RelTime method for estimating divergence times for all branching points in a phylogeny. A new Timetree Wizard in MEGA6 facilitates this timetree inference by providing a graphical user interface (GUI) to specify the phylogeny and calibration constraints step-by-step. This version also contains enhanced algorithms to search for the optimal trees under evolutionary criteria and implements a more advanced memory management that can double the size of sequence data sets to which MEGA can be applied. Both GUI and command-line versions of MEGA6 can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.

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The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice.

JÖRN KÖHLER, MARTIN JANSEN, ARIEL RODRÍGUEZ … (2017)

Vocalizations of anuran amphibians have received much attention in studies of behavioral ecology and physiology, but also provide informative characters for identifying and delimiting species. We here review the terminology and variation of frog calls from a perspective of integrative taxonomy, and provide hands-on protocols for recording, analyzing, comparing, interpreting and describing these sounds. Our focus is on advertisement calls, which serve as premating isolation mechanisms and, therefore, convey important taxonomic information. We provide recommendations for terminology of frog vocalizations, with call, note and pulse being the fundamental subunits to be used in descriptions and comparisons. However, due to the complexity and diversity of these signals, an unequivocal application of the terms call and note can be challenging. We therefore provide two coherent concepts that either follow a note-centered approach (defining uninterrupted units of sound as notes, and their entirety as call) or a call-centered approach (defining uninterrupted units as call whenever they are separated by long silent intervals) in terminology. Based on surveys of literature, we show that numerous call traits can be highly variable within and between individuals of one species. Despite idiosyncrasies of species and higher taxa, the duration of calls or notes, pulse rate within notes, and number of pulses per note appear to be more static within individuals and somewhat less affected by temperature. Therefore, these variables might often be preferable as taxonomic characters over call rate or note rate, which are heavily influenced by various factors. Dominant frequency is also comparatively static and only weakly affected by temperature, but depends strongly on body size. As with other taxonomic characters, strong call divergence is typically indicative of species-level differences, whereas call similarities of two populations are no evidence for them being conspecific. Taxonomic conclusions can especially be drawn when the general advertisement call structure of two candidate species is radically different and qualitative call differences are thus observed. On the other hand, quantitative differences in call traits might substantially vary within and among conspecific populations, and require careful evaluation and analysis. We provide guidelines for the taxonomic interpretation of advertisement call differences in sympatric and allopatric situations, and emphasize the need for an integrative use of multiple datasets (bio-acoustics, morphology, genetics), particularly for allopatric scenarios. We show that small-sized frogs often emit calls with frequency components in the ultrasound spectrum, although it is unlikely that these high frequencies are of biological relevance for the majority of them, and we illustrate that detection of upper harmonics depends also on recording distance because higher frequencies are attenuated more strongly. Bioacoustics remains a prime approach in integrative taxonomy of anurans if uncertainty due to possible intraspecific variation and technical artifacts is adequately considered and acknowledged.

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The interplay of past diversification and evolutionary isolation with present imperilment across the amphibian tree of life

R Pyron, Walter Jetz (2018)

Human activities continue to erode the tree of life, requiring us to prioritize research and conservation. Amphibians represent key victims and bellwethers of global change, and the need for action to conserve them is drastically outpacing knowledge. We provide a phylogeny incorporating nearly all extant amphibians (7,238 species). Current amphibian diversity is composed of both older, depauperate lineages and extensive, more recent tropical radiations found in select clades. Frog and salamander diversification increased strongly after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary, preceded by a potential mass-extinction event in salamanders. Diversification rates of subterranean caecilians varied little over time. Biogeographically, the Afro- and Neotropics harbour a particularly high proportion of Gondwanan relicts, comprising species with high evolutionary distinctiveness (ED). These high-ED species represent a large portion of the branches in the present tree: around 28% of all phylogenetic diversity comes from species in the top 10% of ED. The association between ED and imperilment is weak, but many species with high ED are now imperilled or lack formal threat status, suggesting opportunities for integrating evolutionary position and phylogenetic heritage in addressing the current extinction crisis. By providing a phylogenetic estimate for extant amphibians and identifying their threats and ED, we offer a preliminary basis for a quantitatively informed global approach to conserving the amphibian tree of life.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Iuri R. Dias

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PeerJ

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PeerJ

Journal ID (publisher-id): peerj

Journal ID (pmc): peerj

Title: PeerJ

Publisher: PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 2167-8359

Publication date (Electronic): 23 June 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 8

Electronic Location Identifier: e8642

Affiliations

[1 ]Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz , Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil

[2 ]Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

[3 ]Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia , Jequié, Bahia, Brazil

[4 ]Herpetology Section, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig , Bonn, Germany

Article

Publisher ID: 8642

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8642

PMC ID: 7319025

SO-VID: 593e37c8-0789-4c43-b532-cbe6deec7dca

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

History

Date received : 18 September 2019

Date accepted : 27 January 2020

Funding

Funded by: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq–Project: 406899/2017-7, Process: 167387/2017-0 and 155198/2018-1)

Funded by: Fundação de Amparo á Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia

Award ID: No BOL1767/2013

Funded by: CAPES (masters degree scholarship between 2016–2017)

Funded by: Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa” (CNPq–304999/2015–6)

Funded by: A “Universal” project (CNPq–449930/2014–9)

Funded by: A “PROTAX” project (CNPq–440615/2015–1)

Funded by: Fundação O Boticário de Proteção à Natureza (0991_20132)

Funded by: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo

Award ID: project 2011/50146-6

Award ID: project 2017/15025-0

Scholarships were provided by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq–Project: 406899/2017-7, process: 167387/2017-0 and 155198/2018-1) to Iuri Ribeiro Dias. Scholarships were provided by Fundação de Amparo á Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB; No BOL1767/2013) and by CAPES (masters degree scholarship between 2016–2017) to Gabriel Novaes e Fagundes. Mirco Solé was funded by a “Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa” (CNPq–304999/2015–6), a “Universal” project (CNPq–449930/2014–9) and a “PROTAX” project (CNPq–440615/2015–1). Fundação O Boticário de Proteção à Natureza (0991_20132) funded this study. Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues received funding from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (project 2011/50146-6) and CNPq. Antonio Mollo Neto received funding from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (project 2017/15025-0). There was no additional external funding received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

A new large canopy-dwelling species of Phyllodytes Wagler, 1930 (Anura, Hylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil

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Abstract

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Most cited references 56

MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0.

The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice.

The interplay of past diversification and evolutionary isolation with present imperilment across the amphibian tree of life

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