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      Nivolumab versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma

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          Abstract

          Nivolumab, a programmed death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitor, was associated with encouraging overall survival in uncontrolled studies involving previously treated patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma. This randomized, open-label, phase 3 study compared nivolumab with everolimus in patients with renal-cell carcinoma who had received previous treatment.

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          THE USE OF CONFIDENCE OR FIDUCIAL LIMITS ILLUSTRATED IN THE CASE OF THE BINOMIAL

          C. J. CLOPPER, E. PEARSON (1934)
          Article 0 comments Cited 772 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Costimulatory B7-H1 in renal cell carcinoma patients: Indicator of tumor aggressiveness and potential therapeutic target.

            R Thompson, Michael D Gillett, John Cheville … (2004)
            Expression of B7-H1, a costimulating glycoprotein in the B7 family, is normally restricted to macrophage-lineage cells, providing a potential costimulatory signal source for regulation of T cell activation. In contrast, aberrant expression of B7-H1 by tumor cells has been implicated in impairment of T cell function and survival, resulting in defective host antitumoral immunity. The relationship between tumor-associated B7-H1 and clinical cancer progression is unknown. Herein, we report B7-H1 expression by both renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumors of the kidney and RCC tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In addition, our analysis of 196 clinical specimens reveals that patients harboring high intratumoral expression levels of B7-H1, contributed by tumor cells alone, lymphocytes alone, or tumor and/or lymphocytes combined, exhibit aggressive tumors and are at markedly increased risk of death from RCC. In fact, patients with high tumor and/or lymphocyte B7-H1 levels are 4.5 times more likely to die from their cancer than patients exhibiting low levels of B7-H1 expression (risk ratio 4.53; 95% confidence interval 1.94-10.56; P < 0.001.) Thus, our study suggests a previously undescribed mechanism whereby RCC may impair host immunity to foster tumor progression. B7-H1 may prove useful as a prognostic variable for RCC patients both pre- and posttreatment. In addition, B7-H1 may represent a promising target to facilitate more favorable responses in patients who require immunotherapy for treatment of advanced RCC.
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              Cytokines in Cancer Immunotherapy

              Sylvia Lee, Kim Margolin (2011)
              Cytokines are molecular messengers that allow the cells of the immune system to communicate with one another to generate a coordinated, robust, but self-limited response to a target antigen. The growing interest over the past two decades in harnessing the immune system to eradicate cancer has been accompanied by heightened efforts to characterize cytokines and exploit their vast signaling networks to develop cancer treatments. The goal of this paper is to review the major cytokines involved in cancer immunotherapy and discuss their basic biology and clinical applications. The paper will also describe new cytokines in pre-clinical development, combinations of biological agents, novel delivery mechanisms, and potential directions for future investigation using cytokines.
              Article 0 comments Cited 223 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: New England Journal of Medicine
                Abbreviated Title: N Engl J Med
                Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
                ISSN (Print): 0028-4793
                ISSN (Electronic): 1533-4406
                Publication date Created: November 05 2015
                Publication date (Print): November 05 2015
                Volume: 373
                Issue: 19
                Pages: 1803-1813
                Article
                DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1510665
                PMC ID: 5719487
                PubMed ID: 26406148
                SO-VID: 593e558d-0448-42f3-b12e-335780cb2d12
                Copyright © © 2015
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