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      Alterações cognitivas na doença renal crônica: uma atualização Translated title: Cognitive alterations in chronic kidney disease: an update

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          Abstract

          Prejuízos das funções cognitivas ocorrem com frequência na doença renal crônica (DRC). As condições mais associadas a esses prejuízos são depressão, delirium, comprometimento cognitivo leve e demência. Os mecanismos envolvidos ainda não estão estabelecidos, mas alguns fatores, como dano neuronal induzido pelas toxinas urêmicas, lesões cerebrovasculares isquêmicas, estresse oxidativo, inflamação crônica, anemia, hiper-homocisteinemia e disfunção endotelial, podem ser importantes. O desempenho neuropsicológico tende a melhorar com o início da diálise, apesar de algumas disfunções cognitivas permanecerem alteradas mesmo após a instituição do tratamento, principalmente nos domínios de atenção, flexibilidade cognitiva, memória e aprendizagem. O transplante renal pode melhorar e, inclusive, reverter alguns déficits cognitivos, apesar de prejuízos na memória verbal e nas funções executivas poderem permanecer. O diagnóstico do declínio cognitivo nos pacientes renais crônicos pode ter impacto no manejo e no prognóstico. Este artigo apresenta uma atualização sobre declínio das funções cognitivas nos pacientes com DRC.

          Translated abstract

          Impairment of cognitive functions occurs frequently in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The conditions most associated with this decline are depression, delirium, mild cognitive impairment and dementia. The mechanisms involved have not been established yet, but some factors, as neuronal damage by uremic toxins, cerebrovascular ischemic lesions, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, the endothelial dysfunction may play a critical role. The neuropsychological performance improves with the initiation of dialysis, although some cognitive dysfunctions remain even after treatment, especially in the areas of attention, cognitive flexibility, memory and learning. Kidney transplantation may improve and even reverse some cognitive deficits detected in the dialysis period, despite some compromise in verbal memory and executive functions remain after transplantation. The diagnosis of cognitive decline in patients with CKD may have an important impact on the management and prognosis. This paper presents an update on the decline of cognitive function in patients with CKD.

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          Most cited references44

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          Frequency of and risk factors for poor cognitive performance in hemodialysis patients.

          There are few detailed data on cognition in patients undergoing dialysis. We evaluated the frequency of and risk factors for poor cognitive performance using detailed neurocognitive testing. In this cross-sectional cohort study, 314 hemodialysis patients from 6 Boston-area hemodialysis units underwent detailed cognitive assessment. The neuropsychological battery assessed a broad range of functions, with established age-, sex-, and education-matched normative scores. Principal component analysis was used to derive composite scores for memory and executive function domains. Risk factors for each domain were evaluated using linear regression adjusting for age, sex, race, and education status. Analyses were repeated in those with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥ 24. Compared with population norms, patients on dialysis had significantly poorer executive function but not memory performance, a finding that persisted in the subgroup with MMSE score ≥ 24. In adjusted analyses, vascular risk factors and vascular disease were associated with lower executive function (p < 0.01). There is a high frequency of poor cognitive performance in hemodialysis patients, primarily affecting executive function. Risk factors for worse executive function include vascular risk factors as well as vascular disease. Normal performance on the MMSE does not preclude impaired cognitive function, because individuals with MMSE score ≥ 24 also have a high frequency of poor cognitive performance.
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            Kidney function and cognitive and functional decline in elderly adults: findings from the Singapore longitudinal aging study.

            To investigate whether lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) was associated with subsequent cognitive and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) decline in a prospective cohort study. Prospective cohort study, followed for up to 4 years. General community. One thousand three hundred fifteen adults aged 55 and older from the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study. Baseline data included eGFR levels, presence of CKD (eGFR 23) at baseline. In the whole sample, CKD, but not eGFR, was found to be significantly associated with higher risk of IADL decline. CKD in older persons was significantly associated with cognitive and functional decline. Future research should target the development and evaluation of strategies to delay or prevent cognitive decline and physical disability in elderly adults with impaired kidney function. © 2012, Copyright the Authors Journal compilation © 2012, The American Geriatrics Society.
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              Cognitive dysfunction and depression in adult kidney transplant recipients: baseline findings from the FAVORIT Ancillary Cognitive Trial (FACT).

              Hyperhomocysteinemia and B-vitamin deficiency may be treatable risk factors for cognitive impairment and decline. Hyperhomocysteinemia, cognitive impairment, and depression are all common in individuals with kidney disease, including kidney transplant recipients. Accordingly, we assessed the prevalence of cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms in transplant recipients and their association with kidney function, plasma total homocysteine, and B-vitamin concentrations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbn
                Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia
                J. Bras. Nefrol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (São Paulo )
                2175-8239
                June 2014
                : 36
                : 2
                : 241-245
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                Article
                S0101-28002014000200241
                10.5935/0101-2800.20140035
                593ef12a-5fef-4bbf-8734-96148960b1cc

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0101-2800&lng=en
                Categories
                UROLOGY & NEPHROLOGY

                Urology
                cognition disorders,kidney failure, chronic,kidney transplantation,cognição,diálise,insuficiência renal crônica,transplante de rim,dialysis

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