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      Síndrome de congestión pélvica: revisión actualizada de la literatura Translated title: Pelvic congestion syndrome: updated literature review

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          Abstract

          Resumen El síndrome de congestión pélvica (SCP) es una causa frecuente, aunque poco conocida, de dolor pélvico crónico en mujeres premenopáusicas. Aunque su etiología no está del todo clara, en general se acepta la incompetencia valvular como causa del SCP primario, mientras los síndromes compresivos llevan al SCP secundario. El diagnóstico de este síndrome se realiza después de excluir otras causas de dolor pélvico crónico y se basa en una combinación de síntomas clínicos característicos (dolor crónico, continuo o sordo, dispareunia, dismenorrea…) y en la documentación de dilatación o incompetencia de las venas pélvicas mediante pruebas de imagen. La terapia endovascular (escleroterapia, embolización o stent) de las venas incompetentes con reflujo o venas estenóticas constituye el estándar de tratamiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión actualizada de la literatura con el propósito de ayudar a mejorar el conocimiento de esta patología.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) is a common, but little-known, cause of chronic pelvic pain in premenopausal women. Although its etiology is not entirely clear, valvular incompetence is generally accepted as the cause of primary PCS, while compressive syndromes lead to secondary PCS. The diagnosis of this syndrome is made after excluding other causes of chronic pelvic pain, and is based on a combination of characteristic clinical symptoms (chronic pain, continuous or dull, dyspareunia, and dysmenorrhea) and documentation of dilation or incompetence of pelvic veins by imaging tests. Endovascular therapy (sclerotherapy, embolization or stenting) of incompetent and reflux veins or stenotic veins, is today the standard of treatment. The objective of this work is to carry out an updated revision of the literature with the purpose of helping to improve the knowledge of this pathology.

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          Most cited references51

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          The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum.

          The Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) and the American Venous Forum (AVF) have developed clinical practice guidelines for the care of patients with varicose veins of the lower limbs and pelvis. The document also includes recommendations on the management of superficial and perforating vein incompetence in patients with associated, more advanced chronic venous diseases (CVDs), including edema, skin changes, or venous ulcers. Recommendations of the Venous Guideline Committee are based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system as strong (GRADE 1) if the benefits clearly outweigh the risks, burden, and costs. The suggestions are weak (GRADE 2) if the benefits are closely balanced with risks and burden. The level of available evidence to support the evaluation or treatment can be of high (A), medium (B), or low or very low (C) quality. The key recommendations of these guidelines are: We recommend that in patients with varicose veins or more severe CVD, a complete history and detailed physical examination are complemented by duplex ultrasound scanning of the deep and superficial veins (GRADE 1A). We recommend that the CEAP classification is used for patients with CVD (GRADE 1A) and that the revised Venous Clinical Severity Score is used to assess treatment outcome (GRADE 1B). We suggest compression therapy for patients with symptomatic varicose veins (GRADE 2C) but recommend against compression therapy as the primary treatment if the patient is a candidate for saphenous vein ablation (GRADE 1B). We recommend compression therapy as the primary treatment to aid healing of venous ulceration (GRADE 1B). To decrease the recurrence of venous ulcers, we recommend ablation of the incompetent superficial veins in addition to compression therapy (GRADE 1A). For treatment of the incompetent great saphenous vein (GSV), we recommend endovenous thermal ablation (radiofrequency or laser) rather than high ligation and inversion stripping of the saphenous vein to the level of the knee (GRADE 1B). We recommend phlebectomy or sclerotherapy to treat varicose tributaries (GRADE 1B) and suggest foam sclerotherapy as an option for the treatment of the incompetent saphenous vein (GRADE 2C). We recommend against selective treatment of perforating vein incompetence in patients with simple varicose veins (CEAP class C(2); GRADE 1B), but we suggest treatment of pathologic perforating veins (outward flow duration ≥500 ms, vein diameter ≥3.5 mm) located underneath healed or active ulcers (CEAP class C(5)-C(6); GRADE 2B). We suggest treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome and pelvic varices with coil embolization, plugs, or transcatheter sclerotherapy, used alone or together (GRADE 2B). Copyright © 2011 Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Chronic pelvic pain: prevalence, health-related quality of life, and economic correlates.

            To determine the prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in U.S. women aged 18-50 years, and to examine its association with health-related quality of life, work productivity, and health care utilization. In April and May 1994, the Gallup Organization telephoned 17,927 U.S. households to identify women aged 18-50 years who experienced chronic pelvic pain, ie, of at least 6 months' duration. Those who reported chronic pelvic pain were surveyed on severity, frequency, and diagnosis; quality of life; work loss and productivity; and health care utilization. Among 5263 eligible women who agreed to participate, 773 (14.7%) reported chronic pelvic pain within the past 3 months. Those who reported chronic pelvic pain had significantly lower mean scores for general health than those who did not (70.5 versus 78.8,P<.05), and 61% of those with chronic pelvic pain reported that the etiology was unknown. Women diagnosed with endometriosis reported the most health distress, pain during or after intercourse, and interference with activities because of pain. Estimated direct medical costs for outpatient visits for chronic pelvic pain for the U.S population of women aged 18-50 years are $881.5 million per year. Among 548 employed respondents, 15% reported time lost from paid work and 45% reported reduced work productivity. Frequently, the cause of chronic pain is undiagnosed, although it affects approximately one in seven U.S. women. Increased awareness of its cost and impact on quality of life should promote increased medical attention to this problem.
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              WHO systematic review of prevalence of chronic pelvic pain: a neglected reproductive health morbidity

              Background Health care planning for chronic pelvic pain (CPP), an important cause of morbidity amongst women is hampered due to lack of clear collated summaries of its basic epidemiological data. We systematically reviewed worldwide literature on the prevalence of different types of CPP to assess the geographical distribution of data, and to explore sources of variation in its estimates. Methods We identified data available from Medline (1966 to 2004), Embase (1980 to 2004), PsycINFO (1887 to 2003), LILACS (1982 to 2004), Science Citation index, CINAHL (January 1980 to 2004) and hand searching of reference lists. Two reviewers extracted data independently, using a piloted form, on participants' characteristics, study quality and rates of CPP. We considered a study to be of high quality (valid) if had at least three of the following features: prospective design, validated measurement tool, adequate sampling method, sample size estimation and response rate >80%. We performed both univariate and multivariate meta-regression analysis to explore heterogeneity of results across studies. Results There were 178 studies (459975 participants) in 148 articles. Of these, 106 studies were (124259 participants) on dysmenorrhoea, 54 (35973 participants) on dyspareunia and 18 (301756 participants) on noncyclical pain. There were only 19/95 (20%) less developed and 1/45 (2.2%) least developed countries with relevant data in contrast to 22/43 (51.2%) developed countries. Meta-regression analysis showed that rates of pain varied according to study quality features. There were 40 (22.5%) high quality studies with representative samples. Amongst them, the rate of dysmenorrhoea was 16.8 to 81%, that of dyspareunia was 8 to 21.8%, and that for noncyclical pain was 2.1 to 24%. Conclusion There were few valid population based estimates of disease burden due to CPP from less developed countries. The variation in rates of CPP worldwide was due to variable study quality. Where valid data were available, a high disease burden of all types of pelvic pain was found.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                angiologia
                Angiología
                Angiología
                Arán Ediciones S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0003-3170
                1695-2987
                October 2020
                : 72
                : 5
                : 229-239
                Affiliations
                [1] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario 12 de Octubre orgdiv1Servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular Spain
                Article
                S0003-31702020000500003 S0003-3170(20)07200500003
                10.20960/angiologia.00130
                594c5068-ae7c-47a8-90cf-c834fed61bc6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 February 2020
                : 25 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 51, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                Dolor pélvico,Reflujo de las venas ováricas,Endovascular treatment,Síndrome de congestión pélvica,Tratamiento endovascular,Ovarian vein reflux,Pelvic pain,Pelvic congestion syndrome

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