Athletes and Arrhythmias

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Abstract

Sudden cardiac death related to athletic competition is a rare but tragic event. The victims are typically young with no previous cardiovascular symptoms or limitations. The majority of sudden cardiac death events in athletes are due to ventricular arrhythmias as a result of underlying molecular and/or structural level pathologic substrate. In this article, we will review the physiologic cardiac adaptations to exercise along with arrhythmias seen in athletes with a focus on those commonly associated with sudden cardiac death.

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Most cited references 53

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review.

Barry J Maron (2002)

Throughout the past 40 years, a vast and sometimes contradictory literature has accumulated regarding hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a genetic cardiac disease caused by a variety of mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins and characterized by a broad and expanding clinical spectrum. To clarify and summarize the relevant clinical issues and to profile rapidly evolving concepts regarding HCM. Systematic analysis of the relevant HCM literature, accessed through MEDLINE (1966-2000), bibliographies, and interactions with investigators. Diverse information was assimilated into a rigorous and objective contemporary description of HCM, affording greatest weight to prospective, controlled, and evidence-based studies. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a relatively common genetic cardiac disease (1:500 in the general population) that is heterogeneous with respect to disease-causing mutations, presentation, prognosis, and treatment strategies. Visibility attached to HCM relates largely to its recognition as the most common cause of sudden death in the young (including competitive athletes). Clinical diagnosis is by 2-dimensional echocardiographic identification of otherwise unexplained left ventricular wall thickening in the presence of a nondilated cavity. Overall, HCM confers an annual mortality rate of about 1% and in most patients is compatible with little or no disability and normal life expectancy. Subsets with higher mortality or morbidity are linked to the complications of sudden death, progressive heart failure, and atrial fibrillation with embolic stroke. Treatment strategies depend on appropriate patient selection, including drug treatment for exertional dyspnea (beta-blockers, verapamil, disopyramide) and the septal myotomy-myectomy operation, which is the standard of care for severe refractory symptoms associated with marked outflow obstruction; alcohol septal ablation and pacing are alternatives to surgery for selected patients. High-risk patients may be treated effectively for sudden death prevention with the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Substantial understanding has evolved regarding the epidemiology and clinical course of HCM, as well as novel treatment strategies that may alter its natural history. An appreciation that HCM, although an important cause of death and disability at all ages, does not invariably convey ominous prognosis and is compatible with normal longevity should dictate a large measure of reassurance for many patients.

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The paradox of exercise.

Barry J Maron (2000)

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Incidence of sudden cardiac arrest in high school student athletes on school campus

Brett G. Toresdahl, Jonathan A. Drezner, Ashwin Rao … (2014)

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Affiliations

¹University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Author notes

Correspondence: Michael J. Jansen, MD, FACC, FHRS and Floyd W. Burke, MD, FACC, FACP, FASNC, 4037 NW 86th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32606, USA, Tel.: +1-352-5941748, Fax: +1-352-5941777, E-mail: michael.jansen@ 123456medicine.ufl.edu ; and floyd.burke@ 123456medicine.ufl.edu

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): CVIA

Title: Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications

Abbreviated Title: CVIA

Publisher: Compuscript (Ireland )

ISSN (Electronic): 2009-8618

ISSN (Print): 2009-8618

Publication date (Print): February 2016

Publication date (Electronic): February 2016

Volume: 1

Issue: 2

Pages: 211-219

Publisher ID: cvia20150020

DOI: 10.15212/CVIA.2015.0020

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Self URI (journal page): http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cscript/cvia

ScienceOpen disciplines:	General medicine, Medicine, Geriatric medicine, Transplantation, Cardiovascular Medicine, Anesthesiology & Pain management
Keywords:	sudden cardiac death, athletes, cardiac remodeling, arrhythmias

Athletes and Arrhythmias

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Abstract

Related collections

Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications

Most cited references 53

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review.

The paradox of exercise.

Incidence of sudden cardiac arrest in high school student athletes on school campus

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