Dear Editor-in-Chief
Modern agriculture faces pressing problems, such as salinization that is a very common,
but difficult to control and ameliorate process. Non-enzymatic compounds such as polyphenols
and flavonoids are generally stimulated in response to biotic/abiotic stresses such
as salinity (1). Halophytes are naturally salt-tolerant plants that may be potentially
useful for economical (oilseed, forage, production of metabolites) purposes (2). Recent
data suggest that halophytes can serve as a source of valuable secondary metabolites
with assumed economic value (3). Total phenolics and flavonoids were attributed as
antioxidants with use in food, cosmetic, pharmacognosy, functional foods and nutraceuticals
(4).
In this context, due to increased interest in maximize the economic potential of plants
growing in saline environments, this papers aims at revealing new findings about Romanian
halophytes as possible candidates for economic or medicinal purposes.
Plant material has been collected from salt areas from Valea Ilenei (Leţcani) nature
reserve. Yet it is a small nature reserve, several species are included in the Red
Book of Iaşi district.
Plant material was collected from 4–5 individuals of each species. Leaves and shoots
(in the case of articulated succulent species) were sampled in the summer of 2011.
The following species were collected for subsequent analysis: Salicornia europaea
L., Halimione verrucifera (M. Bieb.) Aellen, Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort., Petrosimonia
triandra (Pall.) Simonk., Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. (Chenopodiaceae), Juncus
gerardii Loisel. (Juncaceae), Boloboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla (Cyperaceae), Limonium
gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze (Plumbaginaceae), Plantago schwarzenbergiana Schur (Plantaginaceae),
Lepidium cartilagineum (J. C. Mayer) Thell. spp. crassifolium (Waldst. et Kit.) Thell.
(Brassicaceae), Inula britannica L., Artemisia santonica L., Aster linosyris (L.)
Bernh. (Asteraceae).
Several of these species were explicitly recognized in Romanian traditional medicine
(Aster linosyris, Salicornia europaea, Artemisia santonica, Limonium gmelinii, Inula
britannica), while other genera have related-species with proved medicinal properties:
Plantago and Lepidium (5).
Total polyphenols content was determined using a modified Folin-Ciocalteau method
(6). Flavonoids content was measured following a spectrophotometric method (7). The
obtained results show a different behavior of halophytes in terms of flavonoids biosynthesis
(Table 1). All halophytes from Chenopodiaceae (Halimione, Salicornia, Atriplex, Suaeda,
Petrosimonia) accumulate the lowest amount of flavonoids, with values ranged from
0.72 mg CE g−1 DW (S. europaea) to 2.80±0.27 mg CE g−1 DW (A. prostrata). Interestingly,
these species might be included in a distinct, well defined cluster within investigated
halophytes. Juncus gerardii and Bolboschoenus maritimus, two euryhaline species that
vegetates only in wet, even flooded saline environments are very similar in flavonoids
biosynthesis. Limonium, Plantago and Lepidium show generally only a slightly increased
value of accumulated flavonoids, as compared to chenopods species. The highest values
of registered flavonoids occur in Asteraceae species, with huge value recorded for
Aster linosyris, followed by Artemisia santonica and Inula britannica. This small
group of halophytes might be regarded as a distinct cluster; nevertheless, these species
have also in common the fact that they are xero-halophytes that could also suggest
that the large accumulation of flavonoids is related to drought stress natural conditions.
Table 1:
Total polyphenols and flavonoids content in several halophytes collected from Valea
Ilenei nature reserve
Botanical name
Family
Flavonoids (mg CE g−1 DW)
Polyphenol (mg GAE g−1 DW)
Salicornia europaea
Chenopodiaceae
0.72±0.04
1.04±0.070
Halimione verrucifera
Chenopodiaceae
1.35±0.09
2.96±0.11
Suaeda maritima
Chenopodiaceae
1.89±0.14
4.57±0.93
Petrosimonia triandra
Chenopodiaceae
2.41±0.07
4.06±0.15
Atriplex prostrata
Chenopodiaceae
2.80±0.27
5.04±0.45
Juncus gerardii
Juncaceae
2.12±0.20
3.39±0.27
Boloboschoenus maritimus
Cyperaceae
2.21±0.13
4.28±0.13
Limonium gmelinii
Plumbaginaceae
1.57±0.10
5.60±0.45
Plantago schwarzenbergiana
Plantaginaceae
3.83±0.49
3.50±0.35
Lepidium crassifolium
Brassicaceae
2.37±0.55
6.73±0.29
Inula britannica
Asteraceae
3.64±0.34
4.07±0.10
Artemisia santonica
Asteraceae
7.86±0.54
8.54±0.52
Aster linosyris
Asteraceae
15.38±2.19
14.93±1.34
Polyphenols biosynthesis is generally slightly higher (Table 1). Chenopods species
show relatively lower values within other species; yet, there seems not to be a clear
correlation between halophytes type and polyphenols accumulation. For instance, Suaeda
accumulates 4-fold higher amount of phenolics than Salicornia, even both of them have
more or less the same ecological spectra. Salicornia records the smallest value from
all chenopods. Regarding other species, there is no clear correlation between profile
species and polyphenols accumulation; Juncus and Bolboschoenus, two halophytes from
marshy environments show similar pattern accumulation. Limonium, Plantago, and Lepidium
(different taxonomically) species synthesize polyphenols in a higher amount than flavonoids.
A quite different cluster seems to be also maintained in the case of Asteraceae halophytes:
Inula, Artemisia, and Aster, who register the highest value within all investigated
species. As in the case of flavonoids, this large polyphenols biosynthesis could be
rather related to drought conditions and affiliation to botanical family.
Nevertheless, in halophytes vegetating in their habitats, the polyphenols content
varies among large limits. For instance, in the case of a man-grove associate species,
Suaeda maritima, Banerjee et al. (8) found out similar values (4.72 GAE mg/g) as in
the case of Romanian investigated species. In the same study, other mangrove species
accumulate polyphenols in the range of species investigated by us; thus, Ceriops decandra,
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Acanthus illicifolius, and Avicennia
alba show values of total phenolic content ranging from 5.14 to 11.73 GAE mg/g. Halophytes
collected from a different geographical area of Romania (Dobrogea, SE of Romania)
synthesize higher values of total phenolics (9) than our investigated species, here
including S. maritima and S. europaea.
Flavonoid content largely varies in different halophytes species; for instance, in
three halophytes from Libya, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Limoniastrum guyonianum,
Anabasis articulata huge amount of flavonoids have been recorded (10), as compared
to our investigated species. The same species of Limonium collected from other geographical
area of Romania (Dobrogea region) display approximately the same value of flavonoid
content (9). The same is true for S. maritima and S. europaea, but other species of
Plantago (P. maritima, P. coronopus, P. lanceolata) generally synthesize higher values
of flavonoids.
Our study revealed a high diversity of flavonoids and total phenolic in investigated
halophytes. Generally, the content of phenols is higher than flavonoids, but there
are no significant differences between species, although they are very heterogeneous
from taxonomical and ecological point of view.
Competing interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.