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      Evaluación de la calidad de vida Translated title: Methods for quality of life assessment

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          Abstract

          Este trabajo hace una revisión sobre la evolución del concepto de calidad de vida. Este concepto ha venido cobrando importancia ya que la mayor sobrevida de la población ha mejorado a expensas de un mayor número de personas con algún grado de discapacidad, y de personas con enfermedades crónicas que padecen los efectos de su enfermedad y del tratamiento. En 1948 la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) definió a la salud como el completo estado de bienestar físico, mental y social, y no sólo la ausencia de enfermedad, con lo cual el término evolucionó, desde una definición conceptual, hasta métodos objetivos, los cuales, mediante cuestionarios o instrumentos generan escalas e índices que permiten medir las dimensiones que conforman el estado de salud. Actualmente, la salud de una persona se evalúa más allá de su capacidad física y se toman en cuenta su contexto social y su salud mental. Las mediciones pueden estar basadas en encuestas directas a los pacientes, con referencia al inicio de la enfermedad, su diagnóstico y a los cambios de síntomas a través del tiempo. Este artículo presenta un inventario de 126 instrumentos utilizados para medir la calidad de vida en diversas poblaciones y enfermedades. Debido a que la calidad de vida se basa en mediciones con una carga variable de subjetividad, se requiere de métodos de evaluación válidos, reproducibles y confiables. El mejor conocimiento de las evaluaciones para medir calidad de vida permitirá incorporar estos instrumentos en la evaluación integral de individuos, en la conducción de ensayos clínicos y en la investigación de servicios de salud.

          Translated abstract

          This paper reviews the methods and principles for quality of life assessment. The aging of the population and the improved survival of people with acute and chronic conditions have produced several levels of disability requiring long-term treatment and rehabilitation. In 1948 the World Health Organization defined health as not merely the absence of disease but rather a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being. This term evolved from its conceptual definition to the development of scales to measure the quality of life beyond physical status. Thus, quality of life assessment includes areas such as mental health, social support, and life satisfaction. It is recognized that the expectations, vitality, pain, disability, and personal experiences influence the perception of a person's general health. A composite measurement aimed to quantify health according to physical, mental, and social well being simultaneously would likely find people at different points on the three different continua, but in the midranges of the composite. The multidimensionality problems and the level of subjectivity involved in the assessment of the quality of life require valid and reliable instruments. This paper present an inventory of 126 questionnaires aimed to measure the quality of life for several diseases and populations. A better understanding of the methods to assess the quality of life will allow the incorporation of these instruments in the comprehensive assessment of patients, into clinical trials, and for health services research.

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          The MOS short-form general health survey. Reliability and validity in a patient population.

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            Comparisons of five health status instruments for orthopedic evaluation.

            This study represents a long-term effort to find optimal techniques for evaluating outcome in patients who have undergone total joint arthroplasty. Sensitivity of five health status questionnaires was studied in a longitudinal evaluation of orthopedic surgery. The questionnaires (Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales [AIMS], Functional Status Index [FSI], Health Assessment Questionnaire [HAQ], Index of Well Being [IWB], and Sickness Impact Profile [SIP]) were administered to 38 patients with end-stage arthritis at three points in time: two weeks before hip or knee arthroplasty, and at three-month and 12- to 15-month follow-up. Response values (i.e., changes within patients) were calculated on four scales: global health, pain, mobility, and social function. By the three-month follow-up, most instruments detected large mean responses in global health, pain scores, and mobility. Smaller changes on these scales were found between three and 12 to 15 months. Social function showed small to modest gains at successive follow-ups. Standardized response means were calculated to assess sensitivity to detect change. Confidence intervals for these indices were constructed using a jackknife procedure, and significance tests were performed by pairing selected indices. Finally, the study projected sample sizes required to assess a new therapy, using each response. These statistical tools facilitated comparisons among instruments and may prove useful in other settings.
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              Effect sizes for interpreting changes in health status.

              Health status measures are being used with increasing frequency in clinical research. Up to now the emphasis has been on the reliability and validity of these measures. Less attention has been given to the sensitivity of these measures for detecting clinical change. As health status measures are applied more frequently in the clinical setting, we need a useful way to estimate and communicate whether particular changes in health status are clinically relevant. This report considers effect sizes as a useful way to interpret changes in health status. Effect sizes are defined as the mean change found in a variable divided by the standard deviation of that variable. Effect sizes are used to translate "the before and after changes" in a "one group" situation into a standard unit of measurement that will provide a clearer understanding of health status results. The utility of effect sizes is demonstrated from four different perspectives using three health status data sets derived from arthritis populations administered the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS). The first perspective shows how general and instrument-specific benchmarks can be developed and how they can be used to translate the meaning of clinical change. The second perspective shows how effect sizes can be used to compare traditional clinical measures with health status measures in a standard clinical drug trial. The third application demonstrates the use of effect sizes when comparing two drugs tested in separate drug trials and shows how they can facilitate this type of comparison. Finally, our health status results show how effect sizes can supplement standard statistical testing to give a more complete and clinically relevant picture of health status change. We conclude that effect sizes are an important tool that will facilitate the use and interpretation of health status measures in clinical research in arthritis and other chronic diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                spm
                Salud Pública de México
                Salud pública Méx
                Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico )
                0036-3634
                July 2002
                : 44
                : 4
                : 349-361
                Affiliations
                [01] México D. F. orgnameHospital Infantil de México 'Federico Gómez' México
                Article
                S0036-36342002000400009 S0036-3634(02)04400409
                10.1590/s0036-36342002000400009
                59d1ef74-2fc2-4267-97f7-f57a871f8e71

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 January 2002
                : 08 May 2001
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 147, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Artículo de revisión

                calidad de vida,Mexico,health assessment,methods and theories,measurements,disability,quality of life,métodos y teorías,mediciones,nivel de salud,discapacidad,México

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