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      Protective Role of Spirulina platensis against Acute Deltamethrin-Induced Toxicity in Rats

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      PLoS ONE
      Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Deltamethrin is a broad-spectrum synthetic pyrethroid insecticide and acaricide widely used for agricultural and veterinary purposes. However, its human and animal exposure leads to hepatonephrotoxicity. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to examine the hepatonephroprotective and antioxidant potential of Spirulina platensis against deltamethrin toxicity in male Wistar albino rats. Deltamethrin treated animals revealed a significant increase in serum biochemical parameters as well as hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation but caused an inhibition in antioxidant biomarkers. Spirulina normalized the elevated serum levels of AST, ALT, APL, uric acid, urea and creatinine. Furthermore, it reduced deltamethrin-induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in a dose dependent manner. Therefore, it could be concluded that spirulina administration able to minimize the toxic effects of deltamethrin by its free radical-scavenging and potent antioxidant activity.

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          Most cited references51

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          Preparation and properties of a cholesterol oxidase from Nocardia sp. and its application to the enzymatic assay of total cholesterol in serum.

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            A new simple semimicro method for colorimetric determination of urea.

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              Mechanisms of pyrethroid neurotoxicity: implications for cumulative risk assessment.

              The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 requires the United States Environmental Protection Agency to consider the cumulative effects of exposure to pesticides having a 'common mechanism of toxicity.' This paper reviews the information available on the acute neurotoxicity and mechanisms of toxic action of pyrethroid insecticides in mammals from the perspective of the 'common mechanism' statute of the FQPA. The principal effects of pyrethroids as a class are various signs of excitatory neurotoxicity. Historically, pyrethroids were grouped into two subclasses (Types I and II) based on chemical structure and the production of either the T (tremor) or CS (choreoathetosis with salivation) intoxication syndrome following intravenous or intracerebral administration to rodents. Although this classification system is widely employed, it has several shortcomings for the identification of common toxic effects. In particular, it does not reflect the diversity of intoxication signs found following oral administration of various pyrethroids. Pyrethroids act in vitro on a variety of putative biochemical and physiological target sites, four of which merit consideration as sites of toxic action. Voltage-sensitive sodium channels, the sites of insecticidal action, are also important target sites in mammals. Unlike insects, mammals have multiple sodium channel isoforms that vary in their biophysical and pharmacological properties, including their differential sensitivity to pyrethroids. Pyrethroids also act on some isoforms of voltage-sensitive calcium and chloride channels, and these effects may contribute to the toxicity of some compounds. Effects on peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors are unlikely to be a principal cause of pyrethroid intoxication but may contribute to or enhance convulsions caused by actions at other target sites. In contrast, other putative target sites that have been identified in vitro do not appear to play a major role in pyrethroid intoxication. The diverse toxic actions and pharmacological effects of pyrethroids suggest that simple additivity models based on combined actions at a single target are not appropriate to assess the risks of cumulative exposure to multiple pyrethroids.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2013
                9 September 2013
                : 8
                : 9
                : e72991
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
                [2 ]Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
                [3 ]Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha univeristy, Benha, Egypt
                National Institutes of Health, United States of America
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: MMAD SMMA SMH. Performed the experiments: MMAD SMH. Analyzed the data: MMAD SMMA SMH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MMAD SMMA SMH. Wrote the paper: MMAD SMMA SMH.

                Article
                PONE-D-13-21292
                10.1371/journal.pone.0072991
                3767669
                24039839
                59ee3c80-8246-46bd-9436-99ccdade8ed9
                Copyright @ 2013

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 May 2013
                : 23 July 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 7
                Funding
                The authors have no support or funding to report.
                Categories
                Research Article

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