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      Oral zinc supplementation restore high molecular weight seminal zinc binding protein to normal value in Iraqi infertile men

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          Abstract

          Background

          Zinc in human seminal plasma is divided into three types of ligands which are high (HMW), intermediate (IMW), and low molecular weight ligands (LMW). The present study was aimed to study the effect of Zn supplementation on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of semen along with Zinc Binding Protein levels in the seminal plasma in asthenozoospermic patients.

          Methods

          Semen samples were obtained from 37 fertile and 37 asthenozoospermic infertile men with matched age. The subfertile group was treated with zinc sulfate, every participant took two capsules per day for three months (each one 220mg). Semen samples were obtained (before and after zinc sulfate supplementation). After liquefaction seminal fluid at room temperature, routine semen analyses were performed. For determination of the amount of zinc binding proteins, the gel filtration of seminal plasma on Sephadex G-75 was performed. All the fractions were investigated for protein and for zinc concentration by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Evaluation of chromatograms was made directly from the zinc concentration in each fraction.

          Results

          A significant high molecular weight zinc binding ligands percentage (HMW-Zn %) was observed in seminal plasma of fertile males compared with subfertile males. However, seminal low molecular weight ligands (LMW-Zn) have opposite behavior. The mean value of semen volume, progressive sperm motility percentage and total normal sperm count were increased after zinc sulfate supplementation.

          Conclusions

          Zinc supplementation restores HMW-Zn% in seminal plasma of asthenozoospermic subjects to normal value. Zinc supplementation elevates LMW-Zn% in seminal plasma of asthenozoospermic subjects to more than normal value.

          Trial registration

          ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01612403

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          Most cited references42

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          Effect of cigarette smoking on levels of seminal oxidative stress in infertile men: a prospective study.

          To investigate levels of seminal oxidative stress (OS) and sperm quality in a group of infertile men with a history of cigarette smoking. A prospective clinical study. Male infertility clinic, Urological Institute, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio. Infertile men who smoked cigarettes (n = 20), infertile men who were nonsmokers (n = 32), and healthy nonsmoking donors (n = 13). Genital examination, standard semen analysis, sperm DNA damage. Levels of seminal reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measured by a chemiluminescence assay and seminal OS assessed by calculating a ROS-TAC score. Sperm DNA damage was measured by sperm chromatin structure assay. Smoking was associated with a 48% increase in seminal leukocyte concentrations (P<.0001), a 107% increase in ROS levels (P=.001), and a 10-point decrease in ROS-TAC scores (P=.003). Differences in standard sperm variables and DNA damage indices between the infertile smokers and infertile nonsmokers were not statistically significant. Infertile men who smoke cigarettes have higher levels of seminal OS than infertile nonsmokers. Given the potential adverse effects of seminal OS on fertility, physicians should advise infertile men who smoke cigarettes to quit.
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            Identification of proteomic differences in asthenozoospermic sperm samples.

            Asthenozoospermia is one of the most common findings present in infertile males, but its aetiology remains unknown in most cases. Present proteomic tools now offer the opportunity to identify proteins which are differentially expressed in asthenozoospermic semen samples and potentially involved in infertility. We compared the expression of 101 sperm protein spots in 20 asthenozoospermic samples to that of 10 semen donor controls using two-dimensional proteomic analysis. Seventeen protein spots have been identified at different amounts in the asthenozoospermic samples compared with controls. These are cytoskeletal actin-B, annexin-A5, cytochrome C oxidase-6B, histone H2A, prolactin-inducible protein and precursor, calcium binding protein-S100A9 (2 spots), clusterin precursor, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase precursor, fumarate hydratase precursor, heat shock protein-HSPA2, inositol-1 monophosphatase, 3-mercapto-pyruvate sulfurtransferase/dienoyl-CoA isomerase precursor, proteasome subunit-PSMB3, semenogelin 1 precursor and testis expressed sequence 12. The detected amount of these proteins enabled the grouping of asthenozoospermic sperm samples in an unsupervised clustering analysis. We have identified several proteins present at different amount in asthenozoospermic sperm samples. These proteins could be candidates towards the development of diagnostic markers, and open up the opportunity to gain further insight into the pathogenic mechanisms involved in asthenozoospermia.
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              Male factor infertility: evaluation and management.

              There is a male factor involved in up to half of all infertile couples. Potential etiologies in male factor infertility are many and require thorough evaluation for their accurate identification. A complete medical history in conjunction with a focused examination can allow for an appropriate choice of laboratory and imaging studies. The semen analysis is a crucial first step, but by no means is it sufficient to determine a specific etiology or dictate therapy. A systematic approach is necessary to help guide the work-up and rule out less likely causes. The etiologies discussed within this article are tremendously broad, and the prognosis for any given couple depends, in large part, on the etiology. Without a firm understanding of the genetics, anatomy, physiology, and complex interplay of the male reproductive system, the evaluation becomes an inefficient exercise that often fails to define the precise etiology. Couples with male factor infertility need a systematic approach with the efficiency of ultimate treatment determined largely by the physician's ability to identify the specific cause of the man's reproductive failure.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                BMC Urol
                BMC Urol
                BMC Urology
                BioMed Central
                1471-2490
                2012
                13 November 2012
                : 12
                : 32
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Chemistry Department, College of Science, Babylon University, Hillah, Iraq
                [2 ]Surgery Department, College of Medicine, Babylon University, Hillah, Iraq
                Article
                1471-2490-12-32
                10.1186/1471-2490-12-32
                3503568
                23145537
                59ffe3e8-070d-48de-9d16-86a64102e1e9
                Copyright ©2012 Hadwan et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 27 May 2012
                : 9 November 2012
                Categories
                Research Article

                Urology
                asthenozoospermia,zinc,gel filtration,semenogelin,zinc binding protein
                Urology
                asthenozoospermia, zinc, gel filtration, semenogelin, zinc binding protein

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