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      Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold

      1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 1
      Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group
      Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
      Wiley

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          Abstract

          Echinacea plant preparations (family Asteraceae) are widely used in Europe and North America for common colds. Most consumers and physicians are not aware that products available under the term Echinacea differ appreciably in their composition, mainly due to the use of variable plant material, extraction methods and the addition of other components.

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          Most cited references79

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          The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States.

          Viral respiratory tract infection (VRTI) is the most common illness in humans. Despite the high incidence, the economic impact of non-influenza-related VRTI has not been rigorously explored. Our objectives were to obtain an updated incidence of non-influenza-related VRTI in the United States and to quantify the health care resource use (direct costs) and productivity losses (indirect costs) associated with these infections. A nationwide telephone survey of US households (N = 4051) was conducted between November 3, 2000, and February 12, 2001 to obtain a representative estimate of the self-reported incidence of non-influenza-related VRTI and related treatment patterns. Direct treatment costs measured included outpatient clinician encounters, use of over-the-counter and prescription drugs, and associated infectious complications of non-influenza-related VRTI. Absenteeism estimates for infected individuals and parents of infected children were extrapolated from National Health Interview Survey data. Of survey respondents, 72% reported a non-influenza-related VRTI within the past year. Respondents who experienced a self-reported non-influenza-related VRTI averaged 2.5 episodes annually. When these rates are extrapolated to the entire US population, approximately 500 million non-influenza-related VRTI episodes occur per year. Similarly, if the treatment patterns reported by the respondents are extended to the population, the total economic impact of non-influenza-related VRTI approaches $40 billion annually (direct costs, $17 billion per year; and indirect costs, $22.5 billion per year). Largely because of the high attack rate, non-influenza-related VRTI imposes a greater economic burden than many other clinical conditions. The pending availability of effective antiviral therapies warrants increased attention be paid to this common and expensive illness.
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            Systematic Reviews: Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews

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              An explanation for the seasonality of acute upper respiratory tract viral infections.

              R. ECCLES (2002)
              Despite a great increase in our understanding of the molecular biology of the viruses associated with acute upper respiratory tract viral infections (URTIs) there is a remarkable lack of knowledge and ideas about why URTI should exhibit a seasonal incidence. Most publications in this area either acknowledge a complete lack of any explanation for the seasonality of URTI or put forward an explanation relating to an increased "crowding" of susceptible persons in winter. This review will discuss some of the ideas concerning the seasonality of URTI and put forward a new hypothesis for discussion, namely that seasonal exposure to cold air causes an increase in the incidence of URTI due to cooling of the nasal airway. The hypothesis is supported by literature reports demonstrating that inhalation of cold air causes cooling of the nasal epithelium, and that this reduction in nasal temperature is sufficient to inhibit respiratory defences against infection such as mucociliary clearance and the phagocytic activity of leukocytes. A case is also made to suggest that warming of the nasal airway during fever and nasal congestion may help to resolve a current URTI.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
                Wiley
                14651858
                February 20 2014
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Klinikum Rechts der Isar; Institute of General Practice; Orleansstrasse 47 München Germany 81667
                [2 ]University of Wisconsin - Madison; Department of Family Medicine; 777 South Mills Madison Wisconsin USA WI 53715
                [3 ]University of Arizona; Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine; PO Box 245153 Tucson Arizona USA 85724
                [4 ]Karl-Franzens-University; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy; Universitätsplatz 4 Graz Austria A-8010
                Article
                10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3
                24554461
                5a07aff3-cca2-4d79-9fa7-5367ccc53d0c
                © 2014
                History

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