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      Screening and Characterizing Tyrosinase Inhibitors from Salvia miltiorrhiza and Carthamus tinctorius by Spectrum-Effect Relationship Analysis and Molecular Docking

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          Abstract

          Tyrosinase (TYR) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of melanin, while direct TYR inhibitors are a class of important clinical antimelanoma drugs. This study established a spectrum-effect relationship analysis method and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis method to screen and identify the active ingredients that inhibited TYR in Salvia miltiorrhizaCarthamus tinctorius (Danshen–Honghua, DH) herbal pair. Seventeen potential active compounds (peaks) in the extract of DH herbal pair were predicted, and thirteen of them were tentatively identified by LC-MS analysis. Furthermore, TYR inhibitory activities of five pure compounds obtained from the DH herbal pair were validated in the test in which kojic acid served as a positive control drug. Among them, three compounds including protocatechuic aldehyde, hydroxysafflor yellow A, and tanshinone IIA were verified to have high TYR inhibitory activity (IC50 value of 455, 498, and 1214  μM, resp.) and bind to the same amino acid residues in TYR catalytic pocket according to the results of the molecular docking test. However, the other two compounds lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid A had a weak effect on TYR, as they do not combine with the active amino acid residues or act on the active center of TYR. Therefore, the developed methods (spectrum-effect relationship analysis and molecular docking) could be used to effectively screen TYR inhibitors in complex mixtures such as natural products.

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          Tyrosinase inhibitors from natural and synthetic sources: structure, inhibition mechanism and perspective for the future.

          Tyrosinase is known to be a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis, involved in determining the color of mammalian skin and hair. Various dermatological disorders, such as melasma, age spots and sites of actinic damage, arise from the accumulation of an excessive level of epidermal pigmentation. In addition, unfavorable enzymatic browning of plant-derived foods by tyrosinase causes a decrease in nutritional quality and economic loss of food products. The inadequacy of current conventional techniques to prevent tyrosinase action encourages us to seek new potent tyrosinase inhibitors. This article overviews the various inhibitors obtained from natural and synthetic sources with their industrial importance.
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            Inhibitory effects of active compounds isolated from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds for melanogenesis.

            In order to develop a new skin whitening agent, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds were evaluated for melanogenesis inhibitory activity and its active principles were identified following activity-guided isolation. The 80% aqueous methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction from safflower seeds showed a significant inhibition for mushroom tyrosinase. Three active compounds, N-feruloylserotonin, N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin, and acacetin, were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction as the active principles. Compared with arbutin (IC50=0.223 mM), the IC50 values of these compounds were 0.023, 0.074, and 0.779 mM for N-feruloylserotonin, N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin, and acacetin, respectively. It was also found that N-feruloylserotonin and N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin strongly inhibited the melanin production of Streptomyces bikiniensis and B16 melanoma cells in comparison with a known melanogenesis inhibitor, arbutin.
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              Microbial Tyrosinases: Promising Enzymes for Pharmaceutical, Food Bioprocessing, and Environmental Industry

              Tyrosinase is a natural enzyme and is often purified to only a low degree and it is involved in a variety of functions which mainly catalyse the o-hydroxylation of monophenols into their corresponding o-diphenols and the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones using molecular oxygen, which then polymerizes to form brown or black pigments. The synthesis of o-diphenols is a potentially valuable catalytic ability and thus tyrosinase has attracted a lot of attention with respect to industrial applications. In environmental technology it is used for the detoxification of phenol-containing wastewaters and contaminated soils, as biosensors for phenol monitoring, and for the production of L-DOPA in pharmaceutical industries, and is also used in cosmetic and food industries as important catalytic enzyme. Melanin pigment synthesized by tyrosinase has found applications for protection against radiation cation exchangers, drug carriers, antioxidants, antiviral agents, or immunogen. The recombinant V. spinosum tryosinase protein can be used to produce tailor-made melanin and other polyphenolic materials using various phenols and catechols as starting materials. This review compiles the recent data on biochemical and molecular properties of microbial tyrosinases, underlining their importance in the industrial use of these enzymes. After that, their most promising applications in pharmaceutical, food processing, and environmental fields are presented.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Anal Methods Chem
                J Anal Methods Chem
                JAMC
                Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry
                Hindawi
                2090-8865
                2090-8873
                2018
                9 May 2018
                : 2018
                : 2141389
                Affiliations
                1School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
                2School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
                3State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Jaroon Jakmunee

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3895-1744
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5244-8577
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9300-5710
                Article
                10.1155/2018/2141389
                5971358
                5a166690-8b9c-4160-8006-bb00b1083e94
                Copyright © 2018 Ya-Li Wang et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 13 February 2018
                : 1 April 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 81703687
                Award ID: 21275169
                Funded by: Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission
                Award ID: KJ1709219
                Funded by: Macao SAR
                Award ID: FDCT013-2015-A1
                Funded by: University of Macau
                Award ID: MYRG2016-00144-ICMS-QRCM
                Categories
                Research Article

                Analytical chemistry
                Analytical chemistry

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