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      Arsenic accumulation in lentil ( Lens culinaris) genotypes and risk associated with the consumption of grains

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          Abstract

          Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid. As phyto-toxicity is manifested by its accumulation in different tissue types and subsequent growth inhibition in plants. Despite the vital role of leguminous crops in providing proteins to human diets, a little is known about the As accumulation in lentil. In this study, the rate of As uptake and transport from soil to root, shoot and grain of lentil as well as associated risks with the consumption of As contaminated food were examined. Biomass accumulation of lentil genotypes pardina, red chief and precoz drastically decreased when treated with As at 6 mg kg −1 concentration in comparison to 0 and 3 mg kg −1 As. Quantification of As concentrations following different treatment periods showed that As accumulation in roots and shoots of 0, 3 and 6 mg kg −1 As-treated lentil genotypes was statistically different. Arsenic content in grains of red chief genotype was found significantly lower than pardina and precoz. Moreover, As transport significantly increased in roots and shoots compared to the grains. Due to the high concentrations of As in biomass of lentil genotypes, animal as well as human health risk might be associated with the consumption of the As contaminated legume crops.

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          Arsenic speciation in the environment

          William Cullen, Kenneth Reimer (1989)
          Article 0 comments Cited 246 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Arsenic Toxicity: The Effects on Plant Metabolism

            Patrick Finnegan, Weihua Chen (2012)
            The two forms of inorganic arsenic, arsenate (AsV) and arsenite (AsIII), are easily taken up by the cells of the plant root. Once in the cell, AsV can be readily converted to AsIII, the more toxic of the two forms. AsV and AsIII both disrupt plant metabolism, but through distinct mechanisms. AsV is a chemical analog of phosphate that can disrupt at least some phosphate-dependent aspects of metabolism. AsV can be translocated across cellular membranes by phosphate transport proteins, leading to imbalances in phosphate supply. It can compete with phosphate during phosphorylation reactions, leading to the formation of AsV adducts that are often unstable and short-lived. As an example, the formation and rapid autohydrolysis of AsV-ADP sets in place a futile cycle that uncouples photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation, decreasing the ability of cells to produce ATP and carry out normal metabolism. AsIII is a dithiol reactive compound that binds to and potentially inactivates enzymes containing closely spaced cysteine residues or dithiol co-factors. Arsenic exposure generally induces the production of reactive oxygen species that can lead to the production of antioxidant metabolites and numerous enzymes involved in antioxidant defense. Oxidative carbon metabolism, amino acid and protein relationships, and nitrogen and sulfur assimilation pathways are also impacted by As exposure. Readjustment of several metabolic pathways, such as glutathione production, has been shown to lead to increased arsenic tolerance in plants. Species- and cultivar-dependent variation in arsenic sensitivity and the remodeling of metabolite pools that occurs in response to As exposure gives hope that additional metabolic pathways associated with As tolerance will be identified.
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              Mechanisms to cope with arsenic or cadmium excess in plants.

              Nathalie Verbruggen, Christian Hermans, Henk Schat (2009)
              The metalloid arsenic and the heavy metal cadmium have no demonstrated biological function in plants. Both elements are highly toxic and of major concern with respect to their accumulation in soils, in the food-chain or in drinking water. Arsenate is taken up by phosphate transporters and rapidly reduced to arsenite, As(III). In reducing environments, As(III) is taken up by aquaporin nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins. Cd(2+) enters the root via essential metal uptake systems. As(III) and Cd(2+) share some similarity between their toxicology and sequestration machineries. Recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of As and Cd uptake and detoxification is presented, including the elucidation of why rice takes up so much arsenic from soil and of mechanisms of As and Cd hypertolerance.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mohammad Zahangeer Alam:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9407-0306
                mohammad.alam@wsu.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 July 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 July 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 9431
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.443108.a, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, , Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), ; Gazipur, 1706 Bangladesh
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2179 3896, GRID grid.411511.1, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, , Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), ; Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9797 0900, GRID grid.453074.1, College of Forestry, , Henan University of Science and Technology, ; Luoyang, 471023 P.R. China
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2157 6568, GRID grid.30064.31, Grain Legume Genetics Physiology Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Johnson Hall, , Washington State University (WSU), ; Pullman, WA 99164-6434 USA
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2157 6568, GRID grid.30064.31, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, , Washington State University (WSU), ; Pullman, WA 99164-6420 USA
                [6 ]GRID grid.443108.a, Present Address: Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, , Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), ; Gazipur, 1706 Bangladesh
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9407-0306
                Article
                Publisher ID: 45855
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45855-z
                PMC ID: 6602935
                PubMed ID: 31263187
                SO-VID: 5a3b7512-8bd8-4045-a42a-341b4bf97a60
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2019
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 6 September 2018
                Date accepted : 18 June 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2019

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: plant sciences,natural hazards
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: plant sciences, natural hazards

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