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      Focus on the Complex Interconnection between Cancer, Narcolepsy and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Possible Case of Orexin-Dependent Inverse Comorbidity

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          Abstract

          Simple Summary

          This narrative review first describes from several points of view the complex interrelationship between cancer and neurodegeneration, with special attention to the mechanisms that might underlie an inverse relationship between them. In particular, the mechanisms that might induce an imbalance between cell apoptotic and proliferative stimuli are discussed. Second, the review summarizes findings on orexins and their involvement in narcolepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, starting from epidemiological data then addressing laboratory findings, animal models, and human clinical observational and interventional investigations. Important research efforts are warranted on these topics, as they might lead to novel therapeutic approaches to both neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

          Abstract

          Conditions such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD) are less prevalent in cancer survivors and, overall, cancer is less prevalent in subjects with these neurodegenerative disorders. This seems to suggest that a propensity towards one type of disease may decrease the risk of the other. In addition to epidemiologic data, there is also evidence of a complex biological interconnection, with genes, proteins, and pathways often showing opposite dysregulation in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In this narrative review, we focus on the possible role played by orexin signaling, which is altered in patients with narcolepsy type 1 and in those with AD and PD, and which has been linked to β-amyloid brain levels and inflammation in mouse models and to cancer in cell lines. Taken together, these lines of evidence depict a possible case of inverse comorbidity between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, with a role played by orexins. These considerations suggest a therapeutic potential of orexin modulation in diverse pathologies such as narcolepsy, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Cancers (Basel)
                Cancers (Basel)
                cancers
                Cancers
                MDPI
                2072-6694
                26 May 2021
                June 2021
                : 13
                : 11
                : 2612
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; paola_mogavero@ 123456libero.it
                [2 ]Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; alessandro.silvani3@ 123456unibo.it
                [3 ]Seattle Children’s Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Lourdes.DelRosso@ 123456seattlechildrens.org
                [4 ]Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; msalemi@ 123456oasi.en.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: rferri@ 123456oasi.en.it
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this review.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6662-2281
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1075-8993
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6937-3065
                Article
                cancers-13-02612
                10.3390/cancers13112612
                8198883
                34073579
                5a3e9e68-0b6c-445f-8f49-efff80c00f53
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 24 April 2021
                : 25 May 2021
                Categories
                Review

                cancer,neurodegeneration,orexin,narcolepsy,inverse comorbidity

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