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      Taxonomy and biology of two seed-parasitic gracillariid moths (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), with description of a new species

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          A new species and new record of gracillariid moths from China are reported: Conopomorpha flueggella Li, sp. n. and Epicephala relictella Kuznetzov, 1979. Specimens were collected on flowers or leaves of Flueggea suffruticosa (Pall.) Baill. ( Euphorbiaceae) at night, and reared from fruits in captivity. Larvae of both species feed on the seeds of Flueggea suffruticosa, but they can be differentiated externally by the position of the red pattern on the thorax and abdomen. Morphology of the eggs, larvae, pupae and the life history of the two species are described and compared. Images of the life history and figures of the genital structures are provided.

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          How to be a fig wasp.

          George Weiblen (2002)
          In the two decades since Janzen described how to be a fig, more than 200 papers have appeared on fig wasps (Agaonidae) and their host plants (Ficus spp., Moraceae). Fig pollination is now widely regarded as a model system for the study of coevolved mutualism, and earlier reviews have focused on the evolution of resource conflicts between pollinating fig wasps, their hosts, and their parasites. Fig wasps have also been a focus of research on sex ratio evolution, the evolution of virulence, coevolution, population genetics, host-parasitoid interactions, community ecology, historical biogeography, and conservation biology. This new synthesis of fig wasp research attempts to integrate recent contributions with the older literature and to promote research on diverse topics ranging from behavioral ecology to molecular evolution.
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            Yuccas, Yucca Moths, and Coevolution: A Review

            Olle Pellmyr (2004)
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              An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae).

              Makoto Kato, Atsushi Kawakita, Atsushi Takimura (2003)
              Highly coevolved pollination mutualism accompanied by reciprocal diversification has been known in only two plant genera, Ficus (Moraceae) and Yucca (Agavaceae), which are pollinated exclusively by obligate seed-parasitic wasps and moths, respectively. An additional, highly diversified, species-specific pollination mutualism between a monoecious tree genus, Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae), and a moth genus, Epicephala (Gracillariidae), is presented here. At night, the small female moth actively deposits pollen on the cryptic stigma of the female flower by using its proboscis, then oviposits into the style. The moth larva infests only a portion of the developing seeds within fruit. We confirmed that at least three Glochidion species are pollinated only by their respective seed-parasitic moth species, which could be distinguished by genitalic morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequences. These results and widespread evidence of limited seed infestation by the moths associated with Glochidion species suggest that speciation based on the highly specialized Glochidion stylar structure and moth oviposition behavior have promoted species diversification in Glochidion and its pollinators.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:13D685ED-B399-4F38-BF72-A3BC8AD96958
                : URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:DA6622BB-0BEA-421F-A9DA-BB4916F75481
                : URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:764BABDE-B63F-4F4D-8657-D0AC356EF8CA
                : URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F6AAB0C0-F312-4035-A08B-3DFE03D02F62
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ZooKeys
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 February 2011
                Issue: 83
                Pages: 43-56
                Affiliations
                [ ]College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Houhun Li ( lihouhun@ 123456nankai.edu.cn ).

                Academic editor: E. van Nieukerken

                Article
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.83.783
                PMC ID: 3082966
                PubMed ID: 21594087
                SO-VID: 5a67250a-80fe-4821-b754-0a5fd85608ba
                Copyright © Bingbing Hu, Shuxia Wang, Jing Zhang, Houhun Li
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 7 December 2010
                Date accepted : 7 February 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: flueggea suffruticosa,biology,epicephala,conopomorpha,lepidoptera,new species,gracillariidae
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: flueggea suffruticosa, biology, epicephala, conopomorpha, lepidoptera, new species, gracillariidae

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