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      Optimization of phenolic compounds extraction from Campomanesia lineatifolia leaves

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          Abstract

          Abstract Campomanesia lineatifolia (gabiroba) is a native edible species found in the Amazon Rainforest. Previous studies have demonstrated the flavonoid nature of ethanolic extract from the C. lineatifolia leaves, in addition to gastroprotective activity and TNF inhibition. However, the extraction process used was long and consumed a large amount of solvent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to obtain a bioactive extract rich in phenolics, in an extractive method of simpler, faster, and lower-cost execution. The C. lineatifolia leaves were dried and crushed, and the extractions were carried out in different solvents/mixtures (ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and water) under ultrasonic bath (UB), electromagnetic stirring, and continuous reflux extraction (R). The extraction efficiency was evaluated by the flavonoid major compound concentration in the extracts, in a method developed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Injection and pattern matching tests, and UHPLC analyses coupled to ultraviolet spectrometry were conducted to identify catechin and quercitrin. It has been demonstrated that the ethanolic extraction by R and the mixture of ethanol: water (8:2) by UB represented optimized methods in obtaining the flavonoid compounds identified. Thus, the results may contribute to chemical-biological extract standardization for gastric antiulcer activity evaluation.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Campomanesia lineatifolia Ruiz & Pavón (gabiroba) é uma espécie nativa comestível encontrada na Floresta Tropical Amazônica. Estudos prévios têm demonstrado a natureza flavonoídica do extrato etanólico das folhas de C. lineatifolia, além de atividade gastroprotetora e inibição do TNF. No entanto, o processo de extração utilizado foi longo e consumiu uma grande quantidade de solvente. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi obter um extrato bioativo rico em fenólicos, através de um método extrativo simples, rápido e de baixo custo de execução. As folhas de C. lineatifolia foram secas e trituradas e as extrações conduzidas em diferentes solventes / misturas (etanol, metanol, acetato de etila e água) sob banho ultrassônico, agitação eletromagnética e sistema contínuo de refluxo. A eficiência da extração foi avaliada pela concentração do componente flavonoídico majoritário nos extratos, em um método desenvolvido por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência. Ensaios de injeção e coinjeção com padrões autênticos, análises em cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria ultravioleta foram conduzidos para identificar a presença de catequina e quercitrina. Demonstrou-se que a extração etanólica sob sistema contínuo de refluxo e a mistura de etanol:água (8:2) sob banho ultrassônico representaram métodos otimizados na obtenção dos componentes flavonoídicos identificados. Assim, os resultados obtidos podem contribuir para a padronização químico-biológica do extrato para a avaliação da atividade antiúlcera gástrica.

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          Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols (flavanone glycosides) from orange (Citrus sinensis L.) peel

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            Extraction and quantification of polyphenols from kinnow ( Citrus reticulate L.) peel using ultrasound and maceration techniques

            An investigation was carried out to extract polyphenols from the peel of kinnow ( Citrus reticulate L.) by maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) techniques. The antioxidant potential of these polyphenols was evaluated using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and superoxide radical scavenging assays; and their antimicrobial activity was assessed against bacterial strains Staphyloccoccus aureus , Bacillus cereus , and Salmonella typhimurium . The highest extraction yield was obtained through the solvent ethanol at 80% concentration level, whereas UAE was a more efficient technique and yielded comparatively higher polyphenol contents than maceration. Maximum polyphenols were extracted with 80% methanol [32.48 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract] using UAE, whereas minimum phenolics (8.64 mg GAE/g extract) were obtained with 80% ethyl acetate through the maceration technique. Elevated antioxidant activity of kinnow peel extracts was exhibited in three antioxidant assays, where 80% methanolic extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity (27.67 ± 1.11mM/100 g for FRAP) and the highest scavenging activity, 72.83 ± 0.65% and 64.80 ± 0.91% for DPPH and superoxide anion radical assays, respectively. Strong correlations between total polyphenols and antioxidant activity were recorded. Eleven phenolic compounds—including five phenolic acids and six flavonoids—were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. Ferulic acid and hesperidin were the most abundant compounds whereas caffeic acid was the least abundant phenolic compound in kinnow peel extracts. Maximum inhibition zone was recorded against S. aureus (16.00 ± 0.58 mm) whereas minimum inhibition zone was noted against S. typhimurium (9.00 ± 1.16 mm). It was concluded that kinnow mandarin peels, being a potential source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, may be used as an ingredient for the preparation of functional foods.
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              Ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural antioxidants from the flower of Limonium sinuatum : Optimization and comparison with conventional methods

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rod
                Rodriguésia
                Rodriguésia
                Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0370-6583
                2175-7860
                2020
                : 71
                : e01072019
                Affiliations
                [2] Conselheiro Lafaiete Minas Gerais orgnameFaculdade Santa Rita orgdiv1Depto. Farmácia e Biomedicina Brazil
                [1] Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais orgdiv1Depto. Produtos Naturais orgdiv2Lab. Farmacognosia Brazil
                Article
                S2175-78602020000100716 S2175-7860(20)07100000716
                10.1590/2175-7860202071043
                5a82db5c-b473-4413-b6db-cc2d7cb7848c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 October 2019
                : 29 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Pharmacognosy

                UHPLC,extraction,flavonoides,Campomanesia lineatifolia,optimization,otimização,flavonoids,extração

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