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      International Journal of COPD (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on pathophysiological processes underlying Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) interventions, patient focused education, and self-management protocols. Sign up for email alerts here.

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      Association Between Systemic and Pulmonary Vascular Dysfunction in COPD

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), endothelial dysfunction and stiffness of systemic arteries may contribute to increased cardiovascular risk. Pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) is frequent in COPD. The association between PVD and systemic vascular dysfunction has not been thoroughly evaluated in COPD.

          Methods

          A total of 108 subjects were allocated into four groups (non-smoking controls, smoking controls, COPD without PVD and COPD with PVD). In systemic arteries, endothelial dysfunction was assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and arterial stiffness by pulse wave analysis (PWA) and pulse wave velocity (PWV). PVD was defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) ≥25 mmHg at right heart catheterization or by a tricuspid regurgitation velocity >2.8 m/s at doppler echocardiography. Biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial damage were assessed in peripheral blood.

          Results

          FMD was lower in COPD patients, with or without PVD, compared to non-smoking controls; and in patients with COPD and PVD compared to smoking controls. PWV was higher in COPD with PVD patients compared to both non-smoking and smoking controls in a model adjusted by age and the Framingham score; PWV was also higher in patients with COPD and PVD compared to COPD without PVD patients in the non-adjusted analysis. FMD and PWV correlated significantly with forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1), diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL CO) and systolic PAP. FMD and PWV were correlated in all subjects.

          Discussion

          We conclude that endothelial dysfunction of systemic arteries is common in COPD, irrespective if they have PVD or not. COPD patients with PVD show increased stiffness and greater impairment of endothelial function in systemic arteries. These findings suggest the association of vascular impairment in both pulmonary and systemic territories in a subset of COPD patients.

          Most cited references35

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          The influence of heart rate on augmentation index and central arterial pressure in humans.

          Arterial stiffness is an important determinant of cardiovascular risk. Augmentation index (AIx) is a measure of systemic arterial stiffness derived from the ascending aortic pressure waveform. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of heart rate on AIx. We elected to use cardiac pacing rather than chronotropic drugs to minimize confounding effects on the systemic circulation and myocardial contractility. Twenty-two subjects (13 male) with a mean age of 63 years and permanent cardiac pacemakers in situ were studied. Pulse wave analysis was used to determine central arterial pressure waveforms, non-invasively, during incremental pacing (from 60 to 110 beats min-1), from which AIx and central blood pressure were calculated. Peripheral blood pressure was recorded non-invasively from the brachial artery. There was a significant, inverse, linear relationship between AIx and heart rate (r = -0.76; P < 0.001). For a 10 beats min-1 increment, AIx fell by around 4 %. Ejection duration and heart rate were also inversely related (r = -0. 51; P < 0.001). Peripheral systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure increased significantly during incremental pacing. Although central diastolic pressure increased significantly with pacing, central systolic pressure did not. There was a significant increase in the ratio of peripheral to central pulse pressure (P < 0.001), which was accounted for by the observed change in central pressure augmentation. These results demonstrate an inverse, linear relationship between AIx and heart rate. This is likely to be due to alterations in the timing of the reflected pressure wave, produced by changes in the absolute duration of systole. Consideration of wave reflection and aortic pressure augmentation may explain the lack of rise in central systolic pressure during incremental pacing despite an increase in peripheral pressure.
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            Pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung disease and hypoxia

            Pulmonary hypertension (PH) frequently complicates the course of patients with various forms of chronic lung disease (CLD). CLD-associated PH (CLD-PH) is invariably associated with reduced functional ability, impaired quality of life, greater oxygen requirements and an increased risk of mortality. The aetiology of CLD-PH is complex and multifactorial, with differences in the pathogenic sequelae between the diverse forms of CLD. Haemodynamic evaluation of PH severity should be contextualised within the extent of the underlying lung disease, which is best gauged through a combination of physiological and imaging assessment. Who, when, if and how to screen for PH will be addressed in this article, as will the current state of knowledge with regard to the role of treatment with pulmonary vasoactive agents. Although such therapy cannot be endorsed given the current state of findings, future studies in this area are strongly encouraged.
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              Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults.

              Cigarette smoking is the most important modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction is an early event in atherogenesis, and we hypothesized that smoking might be associated with endothelial damage in the systemic arteries of otherwise healthy young adults. We studied noninvasively the brachial arteries of 200 subjects aged 15 to 57 years, all normotensive, nondiabetic with cholesterol level < or = 240 mg/dL and no family history of premature vascular disease: 80 control subjects aged 16 to 56 years (mean, 35), 80 current smokers aged 15 to 55 years (mean, 33), and 40 former smokers aged 25 to 57 years (mean, 38). Total lifetime amount smoked varied from 1 to 75 pack years in the smokers. Using high-resolution ultrasound, vessel diameter was measured at rest, during reactive hyperemia (with flow increase causing endothelium-dependent dilation), and after sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, an endothelium-independent vasodilator). Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was observed in all the control subjects (10 +/- 3.3%; range, 4% to 22%) but was impaired or absent in the smokers (4 +/- 3.9%; range, 0% to 17%; P < .0001). FMD in the smokers was inversely related to lifetime dose smoked (6.6 +/- 4.0% in very light smokers, 4.0 +/- 3.1% in light smokers, 3.2 +/- 3.2% in moderate smokers, and 2.6 +/- 1.2% in heavy smokers; P < .01). FMD for the former smokers was 5.1 +/- 4.1% (range, 0% to 15%). In a multivariate model adjusting for age, sex, cholesterol, smoking history, and vessel size, former smoking was associated with a higher FMD than current smoking (P = .07); when only male former and current smokers were considered, the higher FMD was significant (P = .0001) but not for female smokers (P = .24). GTN caused dilation in all subjects (control subjects, 20 +/- 5.2%; smokers, 17 +/- 5.8%; former smokers, 17.4 +/- 5.4%). Vessel diameter, baseline flow, and degree of reactive hyperemia (Doppler estimated) were similar in all groups. Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent arterial dilation in asymptomatic young adults, consistent with endothelial dysfunction.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
                Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
                copd
                copd
                International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
                Dove
                1176-9106
                1178-2005
                26 August 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 2037-2047
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
                [2 ]Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES) , Madrid, Spain
                [3 ]Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínic, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
                [4 ]Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV) , Madrid, Spain
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Joan Albert Barberà Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona , Villarroel 170, Barcelona08036, SpainTel +34 932275779 Email jbarbera@clinic.cat
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2241-7523
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9452-3432
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1300-4732
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1469-4990
                Article
                257679
                10.2147/COPD.S257679
                7457710
                32904646
                5a849a00-255c-43f2-ac1a-eb86a02ffedb
                © 2020 Piccari et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 10 April 2020
                : 21 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 8, References: 49, Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCiii);
                The present study was supported by grants PS090536, PI12/00510 and PI13/00836 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCiii), 197/2015 from the Spanish Society of Respiratory Medicine (SEPAR), Catalan Society of Pulmonology (SOCAP) and Fundación Contra la Hipertensión Pulmonar (FCHP).
                Categories
                Original Research

                Respiratory medicine
                copd,pulmonary circulation and pulmonary hypertension,emphysema,cardiovascular diseases

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